SYRPHIDAE_LARVES

DEBUT

Dernière mise à jour : 09 avril 2024

SPECIES

LARVA (1)

LARVA (2)

PUPA

Anasimyia contracta Claussen & Torp, 1980

larva undescribed, but can be found among debris of dead Typha stalks beneath the water surface.

Anasimyia femorata Simić, 1987

not described.

Anasimyia interpuncta (Harris), 1776

not described.

Anasimyia lineata (Fabricius), 1787

larva described and figured by Hartley (1961) and illustrated in colour (apparently from a preserved specimen) in Rotheray (1994); aquatic, microphagous, in rotting plant debris just below the water surface. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).

Eurimyia lineata (Fabricius), 1787@

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray (1994)

Hartley (1961) and Dolezil (1972)

Bagachanova (1990)

Hartley (1961)

Bagachanova (1990)

Anasimyia lunulata (Meigen), 1822

the larva requires redescription - Hartley's (1961) account may refer to the larva of A. interpuncta, or may be based on both A.interpuncta and A.lunulata.

Dolezil_1972: after Hartley (1961)

Anasimyia transfuga (Linnaeus), 1758

it is not known whether the larva ascribed to this species by Hartley (1961) is that of A. transfuga or A.contracta.

Dolezil_1972: after Hartley (1961)

Rotheray, G.E. & Gilbert, F.S. (1999)

Arctosyrphus willingii (Smith), 1912

the larva is described by Bagachanova (1990), who observed that A.willingii oviposits into the ground among grass roots and established that larval development occurs in the spring, in shallow water enriched with organic material and in swamp hummocks. Pupariation occurs under natural conditions in May/June, the species remaining in the puparium for 9-10 days

Bagachanova (1990)

Bagachanova (1990)

Baccha elongata (Fabricius), 1775

eggs described and figured by Chandler (1968); larva and puparium described and figured by Dusek & Laska (1960b) and Goeldlin (1974) and larva figured in colour and differentiated from other related genera in the keys provided by Rotheray (1994); aphid- feeding, on tall herbs, e.g. thistles (Cirsium), bushes and trees. Dussaix (2005a) reared the species from larvae found on Aquilegia, Digitalis, Euphorbia, Hieracium, Hypochaeris, Sambucus nigra and Sonchus. Dussaix (2013) provides coloured photos of the last instar larva and the puparium. The puparial phase lasts approximately 10 days in this species and the larva overwinters (Dussaix, 2013).

Rotheray (1994)

Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Dussaix, 2013

Dusek & Laska (1960b)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1989) // Scott (1939)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Rotheray & Gilbert (1989)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Dussaix, 2013

Blera eoa (Stackelberg), 1928

not described.

Blera fallax (Linnaeus), 1758

larva and puparium described and figured by Rotheray and Stuke (1998) from material found in wet, heart-rot trunk cavities in cut stumps of Pinus sylvestris. These cavities can evidently persist in stumps for a number of years, in a condition usable by this species (Rotheray and MacGowan, 2000). Rotheray (2013) observed that as water in a rot-hole reaches a temperature at which it freezes, the larva of B.fallax emerges from the water and remains on the side of the rot-hole. or on the water surface. Rotheray (2013) also presents evidence that resource partitioning between larvae of B.fallax, Callicera rufa, Myathropa florea and Sphegina clunipes reduces the likelyhood of competition between them, when they occur in the same rot-hole. Under favourable conditions, Rotheray (2013) found that larvae can complete development within one year, reaching maturity by the onset of winter and then leaving the rot-hole, apparently passing the winter in diapause, to pupate the following spring. Maximum rates of development were found when pine sawdust was added to rot-hole content. This would imply that, under natural conditions, water-filled tree-holes into which comminuted wood fragements are raining down from above, e.g. as a consequence of the activities of the larvae of saproxylic Coleoptera, would provide better conditions for B.fallax larvae than rot-holes in stumps remaining from tree-felling activities. Rotheray et al (2016) show that food resource availability within the tree holes is limiting to larval growth, but that, even when food supply is not limiting, approximately 20% of larvae take 2 years to develop. Larvae of two North American Blera species are described and figured by Greene (1923), who also found them (in frass) in rotting stumps. The larva of B.fallax has also been found in a water-filled tree-hole by Dusek and Laska (1961). Occurrence of B.fallax in Picea forest from which Pinus is absent, in central Europe, indicates that this syrphid can develop in rot-holes in Picea, as well as hol-holes in Pinus.

Rotheray & Rotheray, 2012

Rotheray et Stuke, 1998

Rotheray et Stuke, 1998

Dusek & Laska (1961) // Rotheray & Rotheray, 2012

Blera nitens (Stackelberg), 1923

not described.

Brachyopa atlantea Kassebeer, 2000

described and figured by Kassebeer (2000), from larvae found in a sap-run on Populus. This species apparently has a larval diapause of some 10 months.

Kassebeer (2000)

Brachyopa bicolor (Fallen), 1817

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1991), Krivosheina (2005) and Pérez-Bañón et al (2016) and figured in colour by Rotheray (1994), from larvae collected from sap runs on the trunks of Fagus and Quercus. A coloured photo of the puparium is provided by Dussaix (2013). Krivosheina (2005) found the larvae in sap runs on Ulmus and Abies. The larvae were also recorded from Populus alba attacked by Cossus cossus, by Torp (1984) and from sap runs on Aesculus. Nielsen (2005) reports that this species has been hatched (together with B.obscura) from the "bark of a pear (Pyrus) tree". Dussaix (2005a) notes that the sap runs on Populus from which he reared B.bicolor were apparently caused by the bark-damaging activities of deer. This species may also be associated with Castanea (Ricarte et al, 2014). The larva overwinters in this species, with puparial formation occurring February to May and duration of the puparial phase is 3.5 weeks (Dussaix, 2013).

Rotheray (1994)

Pérez-Bañón et al (2016)

Krivosheina (2005)

Rotheray (1991)

Krivosheina (2005)

Dussaix, 2013

Brachyopa bimaculosa Doczkal & Dziock, 2004

not described.

Brachyopa cinerea Wahlberg, 1844

not described.

Brachyopa cruriscutum van Steenis and van Steenis, 2014

not described.

Brachyopa dorsata Zetterstedt, 1837

larva described and figured by Krivosheina (2005) from larvae collected in the bast of Betula trunks (many records), from the tunnels of Lymexylonidae in tunks of Betula and Ulmus and from Populus. This species has also been reared from larvae collected from under the bark of a rotting, fungus-infested Ulmus stump and from under bark on stumps of other trees, including Fagus, Picea and Quercus. Larvae have also been found in tunnels of lymexylonid beetles in wood of Betula and Ulmus by Bagachanova (1990). Mutin (1998b) reared the species from larvae collected under the bark of Populus species, including P.tremula.

Krivosheina (2005)

Brachyopa grunewaldensis Kassebeer, 2000

not described, but B. grunewaldensis has been collected from emergence traps over trunk cavities in Fraxinus angustifolia, Quercus faginea and Q. pyrenaica (Ricarte et al, 2013). Sánchez-Galván et al (2014) provide information suggesting that a pre-requisite for development of larvae of B. grunewaldensis in a trunk cavity may be the presence there of larvae of saproxylic beetles, exemplified by the Iberian cetoniid Cetonia aurataeformis, whose faeces are known to be rich in accessible nutrients (Micó et al, 2011); females have also been observed flying round the trunk of large Quercus cerris inhabited by the trunk-cavity ant Liometopum microcephalum.

Brachyopa insensilis Collin, 1939

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1991) and figured in colour by Rotheray (1994), Schmid (1996) and Bartsch et al (2009a). The latter authors also provide a coloured photo of the puparium. Larvae occur in sap runs, and less frequently in rot-holes (where internal sap-runs are present?) on the trunks of living deciduous and coniferous trees. The species has been reared from larvae in damp tree-humus in a rot-hole in the trunk of a large, live Acer pseudoplatanus (MS), from sap-runs and goat moth (Cossus) tunnels in Quercus, from behind loose bark, in a pocket of sappy water on the trunk of live Acer monspecellanus (MS), from sap-runs on Aesculus (Sjuts, 2004), Alnus glutinosa (van Steenis et al, 2001) and Abies alba (Schmid and Grossmann, 1996b; Dussaix, 2005a) and Fagus (Krivosheina, 2005). Adults have also been found visiting sap runs on Tilia (Ball and Morris, 2000; T.Gittings, pers.comm.), which probably also provides appropriate conditions for the larvae. Recent literature suggests that B.insensilis is also associated with Ulmus. This species overwinters as a larva (Dussaix, 2013).

Dussaix, 2013

Rotheray (1991) // Krivosheina (2005)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Rotheray (1991)

Dussaix, 2013

Bartsch et al (2009)

Brachyopa maculipennis Thompson, 1980

not described. Van Steenis et al (2019) report observations of B. maculipennis on sap runs on Populus alba and Salix alba. Large numbers of B. maculipennis are also reported on sap runs on Populus alba by Mielczarek et al, (2019) Pas présent dans références biblio). A female has been observed ovipositing close to a sap-run on the trunk of an old, living Populus alba (P. Trzciński, pers. comm.), showing evidence of Cossus infestation. The sesiid moth Sesia apiformis was also present at this location. The larvae of both Sesia apiformis and Cossus cossus tunnel just beneath the bark, in the process damaged the vascular system of the tree, resulting in accumulations of fermenting sap in their workings. If Brachyopa maculipennis requires not only sap runs on old Populus alba or Salix alba, but also has some dependence on a commensal relationship with Cossus and or Sesia larvae, to provide sap runs in an appropriate condition for its larvae, that could account for the apparent rarity of B. maculipennis. Both Cossus and Sesia species are regarded as pests of commercial forestry.

Brachyopa minima Vujić & Pérez-Bañón, in Pérez-Bañón et al, 2016

Pérez-Bañón et al (2016) found the larvae in sap runs on the trunk of a living Populus nigra and provide detailed description and photos of the larva. In this species the larva can evidently withstand prolonged dessication (Pérez-Bañón et al, 2016).

Pérez-Bañón et al (2016)

Pérez-Bañón et al (2016)

Brachyopa obscura Thompson and Torp, 1982

not described. Stuke (2001) suggests this species may be associated with Populus nigra and it shows an association with P.tremula in Finland and Sweden (S.Kerppola and H.Bartsch, pers.comm.). Nielsen (2005) reports that this species has been hatched from the "bark of a pear (Pyrus) tree". Wakkie et al (2011) suggest B. obscura is associated with Populus tremula and its hybrids. The curiously small number of widely scattered records of this insect south of Scandinavia imply that some factor, other than presence of overmature trees of small Populus species within wet woodland, may be required to support it.

Brachyopa panzeri Goffe, 1945

undescribed. This species has been reared from a larva collected from a slime-flux on a Fagus stump, by Stuke and Schulz (2001). Krivosheina (2005) describes and figures the larva of a Brachyopa believed to be of this species, stating “No adult was reared from larvae of this species. However, as the larvae have been found in a fir stub together with larvae of B.vittata Zett., and adult of only these two species have been recorded in the area, I refer these larvae to B.panzeri”. This species may also be associated with Castanea (Ricarte et al, 2014).

Krivosheina (2005)

Brachyopa pilosa Collin, 1939

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1991) from larvae collected from beneath the bark of a rotting stump of Fagus. Rotheray (1994) has also found the larva of this species in association with sap runs on Fagus, Populus and Quercus. Krivosheina (2005) describes and figures the larva of this species from larvae collected a fallen trunk of Populus tremula, sap in a Betula stump and a sap run on Fagus. It is figured in colour by Rotheray (1994).

Pérez-Bañón et al (2016) Brachyopa sp. aff. pilosa

Krivosheina (2005)

Rotheray (1991)

Krivosheina (2005)

Brachyopa plena Collin, 1939

not described.

Brachyopa quadrimaculosa Thompson, 1981

not described.

Brachyopa scutellaris Robineau-Desvoidy, 1843

the larva develops in sap-runs on Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus and Ulmus glabra and in sappy, wet-rot situations beneath the bark of Alnus, Fraxinus, Populus tremula etc.; described and figured by Rotheray (1996). According to Pellmann (1998), B.scutellaris has also been reared from Taxus and Ulmus. This species has also been found flying in numbers round the trunk base of an oak (Q.robur) showing extensive damage by Cossus, including weeping bark lesions. This species may also be associated with Castanea (Ricarte et al, 2014).

Rotheray (1996)

Brachyopa silviae Doczkal & Dziock, 2004

undescribed. Van Steenis et al (2019) report this species has been observed close to a sap run on the trunk of Carpinus betulus, which suggests it may be associated with this tree.

Brachyopa testacea (Fallen), 1817

undescribed, but the species has been reared from larvae collected from beneath bark of rotting Picea stumps (Nielsen, 1992).

Brachyopa vernalis van Steenis and van Steenis, 2014

not described.

Brachyopa vittata Zetterstedt, 1843

larva described and figured by Krivosheina (2005), from larvae found in tunnels of lymexylonid beetles in stumps of Abies, and also from under the bark of Abies and Larix stumps. Kassebeer (1993) also reared the species from Picea stumps.

Krivosheina (2005)

Krivosheina (2005)

Brachyopa zhelochovtsevi Mutin, 1998

not described.

Brachypalpoides lentus (Meigen), 1822

larva undescribed, but the species has been bred from damp, fungus-riddled rotten wood within the trunk base of an old, living Fagus and is included in the keys provided by Rotheray (1994), where it is distinguished from larvae of related genera and its fore body is figured. B.lentus larvae have also been found beneath the bark of Picea, by Kassebeer (1993).

+ Rotheray et Stuke, 1998

Rotheray (1994) // Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Rotheray et Stuke, 1998

Face ventrale
© Leif Bloss Carstensen

Brachypalpus chrysites Egger, 1859

larva described and figured by Schmid and Moertelmaier (2007), from larvae reared to last instar in a mixture of damp rotten wood of Acer, Alnus and Picea, into which a captive female laid eggs.

Schmid & Moertelmaier (2007)

Brachypalpus laphriformis (Fallen), 1816

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1991) and illustrated in colour (apparently from a preserved larva) by Rotheray (1994), from a larva collected from exudates of a rot-hole in the trunk of Taxus and another from sappy water in a sub-bark cavity on the trunk of a live Quercus. From the habits of the adults, it is likely that the larvae of B.laphriformis might also be found in association with Acer, Castanea and Prunus. According to Bartsch et al (2009b), this species may be associated with Pinus in Sweden.

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray (1994) // Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Rotheray (1991)

Brachypalpus valgus (Panzer), 1798

larva described and figured by Dusek and Laska (1988), from larvae collected from a wet fissure in the trunk of Alnus glutinosa. This species has also been reared from a trunk cavity if Quercus suber (J. -P. Sarthou, pers.comm.).

Dusek & Laska (1988)

Dusek & Laska (1988)

Caliprobola speciosa (Rossi), 1790

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1991) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994), from larvae collected from wet, decaying roots of Fagus stumps. It has also been reared from larvae collected from Fagus and Quercus pedunculata stumps/roots/rot-holes by other authors. For instance, Dussaix (2005a) reared the species from material in a moist, trunk-base cavity in Quercus. Distinguished from larvae of related genera in the keys provided by Rotheray (1994). A coloured photo of the puparium is provided by Dussaix (2013) who also confirms that overwintering of this species occurs as a larva.

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray (1991)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Rotheray & Gilbert, 2011

Dusek & Laska (1961)

Dussaix, 2013

Callicera aenea (Fabricius), 1777

not described, but this species has been seen emerging from a small tree hole in Acer campestre (G. Popov, pers. comm.).

Callicera aurata (Rossi), 1790

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1991), from larvae collected from a rot-hole high (18m above ground) in an old Fagus in ancient forest. The general appearance of the larva and puparium is shown in the coloured photos provided by Dussaix (2013). Dussaix (2005a) reared the species from small, water-filled cavities in Fagus and Quercus. Reared from rot-holes in Fraxinus angustifolia by Ricarte (2008). Distinguished from larvae of some related species in the key provided by Rotheray and Perry (1994). Dussaix (2013) records that the puparial phase lasts nearly 3 weeks and confirms that overwintering occurs as a larva.

Dussaix, 2013

Rotheray & Perry (1994)

Rotheray (1991)

Dussaix, 2013

Callicera fagesii Guerin-Meneville, 1844

larva unknown, but possibly associated with waterside trees like Alnus, Fraxinus, Populus or Salix. The female of this species has been seen ovipositing on the trunk of a large Populus showing lesions on its trunk (W.Renema, pers.comm.) and in small, water-containing rot-holes in the trunk of an old, live, river-edge Fraxinus ornus (M. de C. Williams, pers. comm.).

Callicera macquarti Rondani, 1844

larva not described, but reared from rot-holes in overmature Quercus rotundifolia by Ricarte et al (2008).

Callicera rufa Schummel, 1842

= Callicera yerburyi

larva described and figured by Coe (1938); puparium described by Coe (1939), from larvae collected from deep, standing-water tree-holes in old, living Pinus sylvestris. Rotheray (2013) observed that as water in a rot-hole reaches a temperature at which it freezes, the larva of C. rufa emerges from the water and remains on the side of the rot-hole. or on the water surface. The larva is illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994). Development can apparently take 1-3 years. MacGowan (1994) also reports rearing this species from a standing-water rot-hole in a mature Larix, and shows that cutting artificial rot-holes in living P.sylvestris can provide sites in which C.rufa can develop successfully. Rotheray and McGowan (2000) add that they have found larvae in the wet, decaying heartwood of a Picea stump and provide further detail on the larval microhabitat. MacGowan and Rotheray (2007) record use by C.rufa of plastic tubs containing pine sawdust and chips, as sites for larval development sites, when these tubs are placed in localities where the species occurs. They also note that rot-holes with a capacity of less than 1 litre are noticeably susceptible to drying out resulting in death of the developmental stages of C.rufa, and that rot-holes found to contain larvae in the autumn may be without larvae the following spring, so that finding larvae in a rot-hole in the autumn is not necessarily evidence that development can be completed in that rot hole. Rotheray (2013) observed that C. rufa larvae characteristically occur around the mid-depth of a rot-hole’s volume and, because they lack an extendable respiratory tube, require to visit the water surface 2 – 3 times each hour for respiratory purposes. When the water in a rot-hole begins to freeze, Callicera rufa larvae have been observed to come to the water surface, to rest on the ice, rather than remaining in the frozen water (Rotheray, 2013). The larva of C.rufa is distinguished from larvae of some related species in the key provided by Rotheray and Perry (1994).

+ Hartley (1961)

Rotheray (1994)

Dixon, 1960

Reemer et al (2009)

Rotheray & Perry (1994)

Rotheray (1991) // Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Coe (1938)

Hartley (1961)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999) // Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Callicera spinolae Rondani, 1844

larvae of this species have been reared from rot-holes in living Populus (Zimina, 1986) and Fagus (Rotheray, 1994, Dussaix, 1996). It has also been reared from rot-holes in ancient, living Fraxinus angustifolia and Quercus faginea, by Ricarte et al (2008). Dussaix (2005a) also reports rearing this species from a small trunk cavity in live Betula. Ball et al (2011) cite Acer campestre and Aesculus as host trees. Further, this species has been reared from a larva collected from a cavity in the trunk of an ancient, live tree of Quercus suber (Dussaix, pers.comm.). The larvae usually require more than one year in which to complete development and are known to inhabit the heart-rot of the trunk of living trees, so that they may be located deep within the tree. The larva is described and figured by Rotheray and Perry (1994), who also provide a key distinguishing C.spinolae larvae from larvae of some related species. The general appearance of the puparium is shown in the coloured photo provided by Dussaix (2013), who also confirms that the larva overwinters.

Rotheray & Perry (1994)

Dussaix, 2013

Ceriana conopsoides (L.), 1758

larva in sap runs and damp tree-holes of deciduous trees, notably Populus and Ulmus. The only available description is that of Dufour (1847), who found the larva in sappy exudate on Ulmus. Ahnlund (pers.comm.) has captured females of this species in small traps attached to a high stump of Populus tremula and to a burnt, but still living Betula, suggesting C.conopsoides may be associated with these trees. An adult female has also been seen investigating the trunk of an old, lving Quercus pubescens, apparently searching for oviposition sites.

Dufour (1847)

Ceriana glaebosa van Steenis & Ricarte, in van Steenis et al, 2016

not described. There is circumstantial evidence to suggest that the developmental stages of this species may be associated with old/storm-damaged Cupressus sempervirens (A. van Eck, pers.comm.).

Ceriana vespiformis (Latreille), 1804

larva figured and described by Rotheray et al (2006), from larvae found in "decaying roots of a live Fraxinus aungustifolius tree". Females have also been seen investigating holes in rotten parts of an ancient, live Quercus pubescens, and Sack (1928-32) states, without quoting the reference involved, that Efflatoun found the larvae of this species in a sap-run on Morus alba. The female has been observed ovipositing at the edge of a trunk cavity in an ancient Fraxinus sp in Portugal, by Van Eck (pers. comm.).

Rotheray et al. (2006)

Rotheray et al. (2006)

Rotheray et al. (2006)

Chalcosyrphus eumerus (Loew), 1869

not described.

Chalcosyrphus eunotus Loew, 1873

the puparium has been described and figured by Maibach and Goeldlin (1992), from a larva reared from a container of artificial medium (wet sawdust) placed beside a stream in Fraxinus woodland. Jukes (A.Jukes, pers.comm. and Jukes, 2010) has observed oviposition on (and in cracks and crannies of) the bark of small Alnus and Betula logs (c5cm diameter and less than 1m long) in dappled sunlight, partially submerged in water, on the margin of a small stream within riverine gallery woodland. The eggs apparently took 2-4 weeks to hatch. On hatching, the larvae were observed to make their way into the wood of the log, rather than remaining just under the bark, and there they made tunnels in the wood. The wood of the water-sodden Betula logs concerned was fibrous and white. Two or three larvae were found aggregated within the same tunnel. No larvae were found in wood submerged in water.

Jukes, 2009

Jukes, 2009

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1992

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1992

Chalcosyrphus femoratus (L.), 1758

larva undescribed, but found by Krivosheina (2001) in "wood dust" in Betula and in rotten wood of Betula. Association of C. femoratus with stands of Populus alba and P. canescens (a naturally occurring, fertile hybrid between P. alba and P. tremula) along rivers and in wet areas within Quercus robur forest, suggests C. femoratus may also develop in the rotten wood of these poplar species. Populus canescens has both a growth form and bark very simlar to Betula, making fallen, dead trees of these species difficult to distinguish from one another.

Chalcosyrphus jacobsoni (Stackelberg), 1921

not described.

Chalcosyrphus nemorum (Fabricius), 1805

larva described and figured by Hartley (1961); occurs beneath bark of water-sodden deciduous timber, stumps and in damp tree rot-holes in deciduous trees, such as Betula, Fagus, Populus, Quercus, Salix and Ulmus. Also recorded from under the bark of stumps of Larix and Pinus and from a water-sodden Larix trunk lying partly in the water (Bagachanova, 1990). Jukes (A.Jukes, pers.comm.) has observed oviposition on Salix and Betula logs, in a log-jam of partially submerged timber across a small river in riverine gallery forest. The larva overwinters and the puparial phase lasts 10 days (Dussaix, 2013).

Dussaix (site web)

Stammer, 1933

Rotheray (1994) // Heiss, 1938

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999) // Hartley (1961)

Heiss, 1938 // Hennig, 1952

Hartley (1963)

Hartley (1961)

Heiss, 1938

Dussaix (site web)

Coe, 1953

Chalcosyrphus nigripes (Zetterstedt), 1838

not described, but the species was reared by Bagachanova (1990), from larvae collected from under the bark of Larix stumps and logs. The species evidently overwinters as a larva.

Chalcosyrphus nitidus (Portschinsky), 1879

larva figured and included in the key provided by Krivosheina (2001), who found it always in the galleries of other insects (e.g. Temnostoma spp.) in fallen, rotten wood of Alnus, Tilia and Ulmus. By contrast, Bagachanova (1990) reports rearing this species from larvae found in the bast (phloem) of Pinus and Larix trunks.

Chalcosyrphus obscurus (Szilady), 1939

not described.

Chalcosyrphus pannonicus (Oldenberg), 1916

not described.

Chalcosyrphus piger (Fabricius), 1794

larva and puparium described by Heiss (1938), from sappy hollows beneath bark of Pinus. Both larva and puparium of this species are figured in colour by Bartsch et al (2009a). Perris (1870) records finding the larvae under bark on the trunk of Pinus pinaster, in wet tree humus formed from the frass of Ips and Acanthocinus. The female has been observed ovipositing in weeping hollows in bark, caused by woodpecker activity, on the lower trunk of moribund Pinus uncinata. Krivosheina (2001) reports rearing this species from under the bark of Larix and "Siberian cedar". Bagachanova (1990) similarly reports rearing C.piger from larvae collected from the bast of stumps and trunks of Larix and Pinus, in this instance the trunks being of young trees that had fallen and were lying partly in water. Bagachanova (l.c.) adds that the larvae overwinter under the bark and that the species remains in the puparium for approximately two weeks.

Bartsch et al (2009a

Heiss, 1938

Bartsch et al (2009a)

Chalcosyrphus rufipes (Loew), 1873

larva described and figured by Krivosheina (2001), from larvae found in workings of other insects, in rotten wood under the bark of old trunks and in moist tree-holes of Populus and Tilia.

Krivosheina (2001) = sans figure

Chalcosyrphus valgus (Gmelin), 1790

larva described and figured by Schmid and Moertelmaier (2007), from larvae reared to last instar in a mixture of damp rotten wood of Acer, Alnus and Picea, to which eggs laid by a captive female were added. There is strong circumstantial evidence to indicate that the larvae of C. valgus can develop in damaged trunks of Populus alba (L. Mielczarek, pers. comm.).

Schmid & Moertelmaier (2007)

Bartsch, Ståhls & Kerppola, 2010

Schmid & Moertelmaier (2007)

Bartsch, Ståhls & Kerppola, 2010

Cheilosia aerea Dufour, 1848

larva undescribed, but reared by Dufour (1848) from among decaying leaves of Verbascum pulverulentum. Doczkal (1996b) reports specimens bred from Verbascum nigrum and females observed ovipositing on Verbascum densiflorum.

Dufour (1848)

Stuke, 2000

Stuke, 2000

Stuke, 2000

Dufour (1848)

Cheilosia ahenea (von Roser), 1840

undescribed.

Cheilosia alba Vujic & Claussen, 2000

undescribed.

Cheilosia albipila Meigen, 1838

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1988a), from specimens collected from Cirsium palustre in pastures. The larva is a stem miner in Carduus and Cirsium palustre, and becomes full-grown by the autumn. It is shown in colour, within its stem mine, by Bartsch et al (2009a) and Dussaix (2013). This species overwinters as a puparium. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988). The general appearance of the puparium is shown in the coloured photo provided by Dussaix (2013).

Dussaix (site web)

Ball, Morris & Stubbs, 2008

Bartsch et al (2009)

Rotheray (1988a)

Stuke, 2000

Ball, Morris & Stubbs, 2008 // Stuke, 2000

Dussaix (site web)

Cheilosia albitarsis (Meigen), 1822

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1991), from larvae collected from rootstock of Ranunculus (probably R.repens: G.Rotheray, pers.comm.) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994). The specimens reared by Rotheray proved all to be females (G. Rotheray, pers.comm.), so it is not certain that the larval description dependent upon them (Rotheray, 1994) is of the larvae of C.albitarsis. However, re-examination of all adult material collected, from the Scottish localities where larvae were found, has established that they all belong to C.albitarsis (G.Rotheray, pers.comm.), and according to Gibbs and Plant (2001) C.ranunculi is not known in Britain from further north than central England, so it remains extremely probable that the larvae described under the name C.albitarsis by Rotheray (1994) are indeed the larvae of that species.

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray (1991)

Cheilosia alpestris Becker, 1894

not described.

Cheilosia alpina (Zetterstedt), 1838

not described, but Bartsch et al (299b), provide information suggesting that larval development occurs in Angelica.

Cheilosia andalusiaca Torp Pedersen, 1971

undescribed

Cheilosia angustigenis Becker, 1894

not described

Cheilosia antiqua (Meigen), 1822

described and figured by Rotheray (1991) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994); known to feed within the roots of various Primula species.

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray (1991)

Stuke, 2000

Stuke, 2000

Stuke, 2000

Cheilosia aristata Barkalov and Ståhls, 1997

not described.

Cheilosia balkana Vujic, 1994

not described.

Cheilosia barbafacies Vujić & Radenković, in Vujić et al, 2013b

not described.

Cheilosia barbata Loew, 1857

not described.

Cheilosia beckeri Strobl, 1910

not described.

Cheilosia bergenstammi Becker, 1894

the larva is an internal feeder in stems of Senecio, especially S.jacobaea, but probably also in other species, e.g. S.palustris, S.erucifolia; described and figured by Smith (1979).

Smith (1979)

Smith (1979)

Smith (1979)

Smith (1979)

Smith (1979)

Cheilosia brachysoma Egger, 1860

undescribed.

Cheilosia bracusi Vujic & Claussen, 1994

undescribed

Cheilosia brunnipennis Becker, 1894

undescribed

Cheilosia caerulescens (Meigen), 1822

the larva is undescribed, but d'Aguilar and Coutin (1988) reared the species from larvae found in the fleshy leaves of Sempervivum, where they were causing lesions.

d'Aguilar & Coutin (1988)

Stuke, 2000

Cheilosia canicularis (Panzer), 1801

the larva is undescribed, but has been reared from Petatites hybridus (Stuke and Claussen, 2000). It is uncertain whether this species overwinters as larva or puparium.

Stuke, 2000. Cheilosia cf. canicularis (PANZER, 1801)

Cheilosia carbonaria Egger, 1860

undescribed

Cheilosia chloris (Meigen), 1822

the larva is undescribed, but the female has been observed egg-laying on Cirsium oleraceum (Doczkal, 1996b), and the larval association with that plant was confirmed by Stuke (2000).

Stuke, 2000

Cheilosia chrysocoma (Meigen), 1822

larva undescribed, but the adult female has repeatedly been observed (Doczkal, 1996b) egg-laying on Angelica sylvestris, providing strong evidence that this is a larval host plant. Bagachanova (1990) reports rearing this species from a Chinese umbellifer (Cnidium).

Cheilosia circassica Ståhls & Barkalov, 2017

not described.

Cheilosia clama Claussen & Vujic, 1995

not described.

Cheilosia clausseni Barkalov and Ståhls, 1997

not described.

Cheilosia crassiseta Loew, 1859

not described.

Cheilosia cumanica Szilady, 1938

not described.

Cheilosia cynocephala Loew, 1840

larva described by Dusek and Laska (1962). It evidently mines the stems of Carduus nutans. Ball et al (2011) indicate the species is also associated with Carduus crispus.

Dusek and Laska (1962)_pas cette espèce.+

Cheilosia derasa Loew, 1857

not described.

Stuke, 2000

Cheilosia fasciata Schiner & Egger, 1853

the larva mines the leaves of Allium ursinum and A.victorialis. The final instar larva may move from one leaf to another if its food supply becomes exhausted; larva figured by Dusek and Laska (1962) and illustrated in colour by Schmid (1996); larval biology described by Nielsen (1979). Detailed biological information on the development of this species is provided by Hövemeyer (1992). The egg and larval stages together take 8 weeks, after which pupariation takes place in the soil in the vicinity of the host plant. The species overwinters as a puparium, usually within the top 3cm of the soil. This insect is more easily recorded as a larva than as an adult, the larval mines being very distinctive and obvious when the larvae are maturing in A.ursinum leaves in May. Schmid and Grossmann (1998) contrast the life history details of populations associated with A.ursinum (low altitude) and A.victorialis (high altitude) in central Europe. De Groot and Kogoj (2015) observe that, within the altitudinal range of the A. ursinum, maximum densities of C. fasciata occurred at the highest altitudes.

Bruun & Bygebjerg, 2016

Rotheray (1990)

Dusek & Laska (1962)

Stuke, 2000

Bruun & Bygebjerg, 2016

Stuke, 2000

Stuke, 2000

Dusek & Laska (1962)

Dussaix (site web)

Cheilosia faucis Becker, 1894

not described.

Cheilosia flavipes (Panzer), 1798

the larva remains undescribed, but the adult female has been observed (Stuke, 1996) egg laying on Cirsium arvense and Taraxacum officinale. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).

Cheilosia flavissima Becker, 1894

not described.

Cheilosia fraterna (Meigen), 1830

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1988a); mines stems and basal rosettes of Cirsium palustre; other species of Carduus and Cirsium are also cited as larval foodplants by Reemer et al (2009).. This species overwinters as a puparium.

Rotheray (1988a)

Cheilosia frontalis Loew, 1857

not described.

Cheilosia gagatea Loew, 1857

not described.

Cheilosia gigantea (Zetterstedt), 1838

reared by Stuke and Carstensen (2002) from larvae in the tap root of Rumex longifolius and Rumex aquaticus. They observed that the species overwinters as a puparium. The larva was also reported by Bagatshanova (1990), from Rumex sp. She found that the larvae overwinter, and pupate in the spring.

Stuke & Carstensen (2002)

Cheilosia gorodkovi Stackelberg, 1963

not described.

Cheilosia griseifacies Vujic, 1994

not described.

Cheilosia grisella Becker, 1894

not described.

Cheilosia grossa (Fallen), 1817

the larva is described and figured by Rotheray (1988a, 1994). It is a miner in stems of Cirsium spp. (Rotheray, l.c.) and Carduus spp. (Dusek and Laska, 1962); detailed information about larval biology is provided by Rizza et al (1988), who use the name C.corydon (Harris) for this species. This species overwinters as a puparium. Dussaix (2013) observes that larval development is of long duration, commencing in April and not completed until September. The appearance of the puparium is shown in the coloured photo provided by Dussaix (2013).

Rotheray (1994)

Ball, Morris & Stubbs, 2008

Rotheray (1988a)

Dusek & Laska (1962)

Rotheray (1994)

Dusek & Laska (1962)

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Ball, Morris & Stubbs, 2008 // Stuke, 2000

Dusek & Laska (1962)

Dusek & Laska (1962)

Dussaix, 2013

Cheilosia herculana Bradescu, 1982

undescribed

Cheilosia hercyniae Loew, 1857

undescribed

Cheilosia himantopa (Panzer), 1798

the larva is described and figured by Dusek (1962), from larvae collected from Petasites, under the name C.canicularis. Stuke and Claussen (2000) provide information on the biology of the larvae, which live in leaf stem-bases and rhizomes of the host plant. This species overwinters as a larva. + Rotheray (1990)

Dusek (1962)

Dusek (1962)

Rotheray (1990a)

Stuke, 2000

Stuke, 2000

Dusek (1962)

Cheilosia hypena Becker, 1894

not described.

Cheilosia iberica Marcos-Garcia & Claussen, 1989 .

not described

Cheilosia illustrata (Harris), 1780

larva and puparium described and figured by Rotheray (1999a). This species has been bred from Pastinaca sativa roots (bred specimen in the collections of the National Museum of Ireland) and also from the expanded rootstock of Heracleum (Rotheray, 1999a). The female has been observed egg-laying on Heracleum, (Doczkal, 1996b). The species overwinters as a puparium.

Rotheray (1999a)

Rotheray (1999a)

Cheilosia impressa Loew, 1840

larva described and figured by Schmid (1999a), from larvae found feeding externally on the rootstock and underground stem-bases of Arctium. This species very probably has alternative food plants, since it may be abundant where no Arctium is present, for instance in alpine grassland. Stuke (2000) and Doczkal (2002) report egg-laying by this species on Eupatorium cannabinum and numbers of teneral specimens have been found drying their wings on large Rumex, in grazed alpine grassland where no other large herbs were present (MS).

Schmid (1999a)

Stuke, 2000

Schmid (1999a)
Pièce buccale ex-pupe

Cheilosia impudens Becker, 1894

not described.

Cheilosia insignis Loew, 1857

not described, but Verlinden (2000) provides evidence suggesting the larvae may be associated with the rhizomes of Anemone species.

Cheilosia katara Claussen & Vujic, 1993

undescribed

Cheilosia kerteszi Szilady, 1938

undescribed

Cheilosia kuznetzovae Skufjin, 1977

undescribed

Cheilosia laeviseta Claussen, 1987

undescribed

Cheilosia laeviventris Loew, 1857

undescribed; according to Stuke and Carstensen (2002) the larval host plant is Primula auricula.

Cheilosia lasiopa Kowarz, 1885

larva described and figured by Stuke and Carstensen (2000), from larvae which lived initially in the leaf and stem bases of Plantago lanceolata and later in the rootstock of that plant. They also established that this species overwinters as a puparium.

Stuke & Carstensen (2000)

Cheilosia laticornis Rondani, 1857

larva not described, but Sörensson (2003) suggests Peucedanum oreoselinum may act as one larval host plant for this species.

Cheilosia latifrons (Zetterstedt), 1843

larva described by Stuke and Carstensen (2002), from larvae found in the tap root of Leontodon hispidus. Schmid and Grossmann (1996a) present evidence of egg-laying by C.latifrons on Leontodon autumnalis, suggesting this may be another larval host plant. Reemer et al (2009) also cite L.hispidus as a larval foodplant of this syrphid. In all probability this insect uses a range of different plant species as larval food-plants.

Stuke & Carstensen (2002)

Cheilosia latigenis Claussen and Kassebeer, 1993

not described.

Cheilosia lenis Becker, 1894
C. omissa

described and figured by Dusek (1962) from larvae collected from Senecio fuchssi. The female has also been observed (Doczkal, 1996b) egg-laying on this ragwort species. Reemer et al (2009) also cite Senecio nemorensis as a larval foodplant of this syrphid.

Dusek, 1962

Stuke, 2000

Dusek, 1962

Cheilosia lenta Becker, 1894

not described.

Cheilosia limbicornis Strobl, 1909

not described.

Cheilosia loewi Becker, 1894

not described.

Cheilosia longula (Zetterstedt), 1838

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1990) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994); an internal feeder on the tissues of various large, woodland basidiomycetes, especially Boletus, Leccinum, Suillus (Buxton, 1955 and Hackman & Meinander, 1979). This species overwinters as a puparium.

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray (1990)

Stuke, 2000

Stuke, 2000

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Cheilosia lucense Ricarte, in Ricarte et al, 2014

not described.

Cheilosia marginata Becker, 1894

not described.

Cheilosia melanopa (Zetterstedt), 1843

not described.

Cheilosia melanura Becker, 1894

undescribed, but the adult female has been observed egg-laying on Cirsium spinosissimum (Doczkal, 1996b).

Cheilosia montana Egger, 1860

not described.

Cheilosia morio (Zetterstedt), 1838

figured in colour by Bartsch et al (2009a). Barkemeyer (1994) provides a comprehensive review of the larval biology of this species, based on Hellrigl (1992) and Tragardh (1923). Essentially, the larva inhabits resin outflows on the trunk of Picea, caused by damage or the activities of scolytid beetles. The species apparently overwinters as a larva and pupates on the trunk, at the edge of the resin flow. Individual resin flows can evidently provide suitable larval habitat for a number of years, indicated by empty puparia trapped in the resin. The extent to which the larva is dependent upon the resin itself, or on micro-organisms associated with resins outflows, as its food source, is obscure.

Mamaev, 1971

Tragardh (1923).

Bartsch et al (2009)

Tragardh (1923).

Stuke, 2000

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Stuke, 2000

Cheilosia mutabilis (Fallen), 1817

undescribed, but reported by Grosskopf et al (2001) as developing in the above-ground parts of Hieracium pilosella. According to Ball et al (2011), the larva of C.mutabilis has been found in the roots of Carduus crispus.

Cheilosia naruska Haarto & Kerppola, 2007

not described, but possibly associated with Anthriscus sylvestris, with which the adult flies are apparently always found (Haarto, Kerppola and Ståhls, 2007).

Cheilosia nebulosa (Verrall), 1871

undescribed, but Doczkal (2002) reports egg-laying by this species on leaves of Centaurea nigra.

Cheilosia nigripes (Meigen), 1822

undescribed.

Cheilosia nivalis Becker, 1894

not described.

Cheilosia orthotricha Vujic & Claussen, 1994

not described, but Stuke and Claussen (2000) record finding larvae of this species in Petasites hybridus, where they occur in the lower half of the flowering stalks. It is uncertain whether the species overwinters as larva or puparium.

Stuke, 2000

Cheilosia pagana (Meigen), 1822

undescribed, but the species has been reared from rotting roots of Anthriscus sylvestris (Stubbs, 1980) and Angelica sylvestris (Doczkal, 1996b). This species has also been collected repeatedly, by emergence traps installed over clumps of Heracleum and other emergence traps installed over clumps of Angelica (MS), suggesting that both of these large umbellifers can support the larvae of C.pagana. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).

Rotheray (1990)

Stuke, 2000

Stuke, 2000

Cheilosia paralobi Malski, 1962

undescribed.

Cheilosia pascuorum Becker, 1894

larva not described, but known to be an internal feeder in Cynoglossum officinale (Vujic, 1996).

Cheilosia pedemontana Rondani, 1857

not described.

Cheilosia pedestris Becker, 1894

not described.

Cheilosia personata Loew, 1857

not described.

Cheilosia pictipennis Egger, 1860

not described.

Cheilosia pilifer Becker, 1894

not described.

Cheilosia pini Becker, 1894

not described.

Cheilosia proxima (Zetterstedt), 1843

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1988a), collected from rosettes of Cirsium palustre, where it is an internal feeder in lateral roots. The species has also been reared from C.oleraceum. It overwinters as a puparium. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).

Rotheray (1988)

Cheilosia psilophthalma Becker, 1894

larva not described, but reported by Grosskopf et al (2001) as developing in the aerial parts of Hieracium pilosella and H.caespitosum. The species evidently overwinters as a puparium, among ground surface litter.

Cheilosia pubera (Zetterstedt), 1838

the larva is described by Stuke and Carstensen (2002), from larvae found in the leaf-bases and root-stock of Geum rivale, between June and September; overwintering occurs as a puparium. C.pubera can be found in at least two rather different types of situation. This may be due to the larvae having plant hosts with rather distinctly different ecological requirements. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).

Stuke & Carstensen (2002)

Cheilosia ranunculi Doczkal, 2000

larva undescribed, but probably associated with Ranunculus bulbosus (Doczkal, 2000, 2002), though Gibbs and Plant (2001) report the occurrence of C.ranunculi from localities where R.bulbosus did not seem to be present.

+ Foster R. (2020)

In Ranunculus bulbosus.

Ventral side

Foster R. (2020)

Cheilosia redi Vujic, 1996

not described.

Cheilosia reniformis Hellén, 1930

not described.

Cheilosia rhodiolae Schmid, 2000

larva described and figured by Schmid (2000), who also provides detail of the larval biology. He shows that the larva mines the leaves of roseroot (Rhodiola) and that the species overwinters as a puparium.

Schmid (2000)

Schmid (2000)

Schmid (2000)

Cheilosia rhynchops Egger, 1860

undescribed, but the female has been observed (Doczkal, 1996b) ovipositing on Adenostyles alliariae, strongly suggesting that this is a larval host plant.

Stuke, 2000

Stuke, 2000

Cheilosia rodgersi Wainwright, 1911

not described.

Cheilosia rufimana Becker, 1894

not described, but Bothe (1986) has observed the female ovipositing on Polygonum bistorta.

Cheilosia sahlbergi Becker, 1894

larva not described, but, according to Stubbs and Falk (2002), has been observed by Rotheray to feed externally on the rootstock of Polygonum viviparum L.

Cheilosia schnabli Becker, 1894

undescribed.

Cheilosia scutellata (Fallen), 1817

the larva is described and figured by Rotheray (1990); well-known as tunnelling the tissues of various large woodland basidiomycete fungi, especially Boletus and Suillus (Dely-Draskovits, 1972).

+ Dufour, 1840

Dufour, 1840

Rotheray (1990)

Stuke, 2000

Dufour, 1840

Cheilosia semifasciata Becker, 1894

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1988c) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994); a miner in the leaves of Saxifraga, Sedum and Umbilicus (Hering, 1957). The larva is shown within a leaf mine on Umbilicus, by Ball and Morris (2013).This species overwinters as a puparium.

Rotheray (1994) and Rotheray (1988c)

Schmid, 2004a

Rotheray (1990) // Stuke, 2000

Rotheray (1988a)

Stuke, 2000

Reemer et al (2009)

Cheilosia sootryeni Nielsen, 1970

not described.

Cheilosia soror (Zetterstedt), 1843

larva undescribed, but reported as having been found in basidiomycetes, notably truffles.

Stuke, 2000

Cheilosia subpictipennis Claussen, 1998

not described, but almost certainly associated with Meum athamanticum, on which Doczkal has observed oviposition (Claussen, 1998).

Stuke, 2000. Cheilosia cf. subpictipennis CLAUSSEN, 1998.

Cheilosia sulcifrons Kaplan in Kaplan & Thompson, 1981

not described.

Cheilosia thessala Claussen & Ståhls, 2007

not described, but the larva is probably associated with the large basidiomycetes Amanita caesarea and Suillus granulatus (Standfuss and Claussen, 2007).

Cheilosia tonsa Sack, 1938

not described.

Cheilosia urbana (Meigen), 1822

undescribed, but Claussen (1980) and Doczkal (1996b) found the species egg-laying in the basal leaf rosettes of Hieracium pilosella. Grosskopf et al (2001) report that C.urbana can develop in both H.pilosella and H.caespitosum, the young larvae moving down from the leaf axils in which the eggs are laid, to feed externally on the roots of the plant, in which they make small holes. The species evidently overwinters as a puparium, close to the ground surface, in the soil. Kassebeer (1993) indicates finding females egg-laying on Filipendula ulmaria.

Cheilosia uviformis Becker, 1894

undescribed

Cheilosia vangaveri Timon-David, 1937

not described.

Cheilosia variabilis (Panzer), 1798

the larva is described and figured by Dusek (1962); it mines the roots of Scrophularia nodosa.

Dusek, 1962

Rotheray (1990)

Dusek, 1962

Dusek, 1962

Stuke, 2000

Stuke, 2000

Dusek, 1962

Cheilosia varnensis Claussen, 2000

undescribed

Cheilosia velutina Loew, 1840

the larva remains undescribed, but mines the stems of Cirsium palustre (Rizza et al, 1988) and, according to Torp (1984), has been found mining the rhizome of Scrophularia nodosa. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).

Cheilosia venosa Loew, 1857

not described.

Cheilosia vernalis (Fallen), 1817

the larva has not been described, but is known to be an internal feeder in the stems of Achillea, Matricaria and Sonchus oleraceus and in the involucre of Tragopogon (Bankowska, 1980; Torp, 1984). The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).

Stuke, 2000

Cheilosia vicina (Zetterstedt), 1849

the larva has not been described. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).

Cheilosia vujici Claussen & Doczkal, 1998

not described.

Cheilosia vulpina (Meigen), 1822

the larva is described and figured, together with the puparium, by Brunel and Cadou (1990a), who reared the species from the roots of cultivated artichoke (Cynara scolymus). These authors (1990b) also demonstrate the occurrence of pupal diapause in C.vulpina, triggered by temperatures experienced during the last larval instar. Stuke and Carstensen (2002) reared the species from larvae found in the root-stock of Arctium lappa and Arctium minus, and redescribe the larva. Doczkal (2002) reports egg-laying behaviour by this species on Cirsium eriophorum and Stuke and Carstensen (2002) also refer to various Cirsium species as probable larval host plants. The species overwinters as a puparium.

Brunel & Cadou (1990a)

Stuke & Carstensen (2002)

Brunel & Cadou (1990a)

Brunel & Cadou (1990a)

Chrysogaster basalis Loew, 1857

not described.

Chrysogaster cemiteriorum (L.), 1758

features of the larva and puparium are described and figured by Kuznetzov and Kuznetzova (1994), but without any information on larval biology or habitat.

Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1994)

Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1994)

Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1994)

Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1994)

Chrysogaster mediterraneus Vujic, 1999

not described.

Chrysogaster rondanii Maibach & Goeldlin, 1995

not described.

Chrysogaster simplex Loew, 1843

not described.

Chrysogaster solstitialis (Fallen), 1817

the aquatic larva is described and figured by Hartley (1961), from larvae collected from pond mud containing much debris of fallen twigs and branches; the larvae may be found on the surface of organically-enriched mud beneath the fallen leaves of trees, in very shallow (1cm) water of seepages and spring-fed pools within deciduous woodland. The larva has been illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994).

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1994

Hartley (1961)

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1994

Hartley (1963)

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1994

Hartley (1961)

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1994

Chrysogaster virescens Loew, 1854

undescribed.

Chrysosyrphus nasutus (Zetterstedt), 1838

not described. Van Steenis and Zuidhoff ( 2013) record observing oviposition in wet moss at the water edge, in a palsa mire.

Chrysosyrphus nigra (Zetterstedt), 1843

not described.

Chrysotoxum antennalis Vujić, Nedeljković & Hayat, in Vujić et al, 2017

not described.

Chrysotoxum bicinctum (L.), 1758

larva undescribed, but has been reared on a diet of aphids in the laboratory (Rotheray and Gilbert, 1989).

Chrysotoxum bozdagensis Nedeljković, Vujić & Hayat, in Nedeljković et al, 2018

not described.

Chrysotoxum cautum (Harris), 1776

larva undescribed. Egg: the morphology of the egg of this species is described by Chandler (1968). The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988). The female has been observed ovipositing on roadside grasses by Reemer and Goudsmits (2004) and on grasses and Galium at the edge of a Rubus thicket by Smith (2004). The eggs are apparently laid singly.

Chrysotoxum cisalpinum Rondani, 1845

not described.

Chrysotoxum clausseni Vujić, Nedeljković & Hayat, in Vujić et al, 2017

not described.

Chrysotoxum elegans Loew, 1841

larva described and figured by Dusek & Laska (1962), from a full-grown larva found beneath a stone in grassland; almost certainly aphid-feeding, probably on root aphids.

Dusek & Laska (1962)

Dusek & Laska (1962)

Dusek & Laska (1962)

Chrysotoxum fasciatum (Muller), 1764

undescribed.

Chrysotoxum fasciolatum (De Geer), 1776

not described.

Chrysotoxum festivum (L.), 1758

larva undescribed; puparium described and figured by Speight (1976), who found the mature larva with the ant Lasius niger, beneath a stone in Corylus/Prunus scrub on old pasture.

Speight (1976)

Chrysotoxum gracile Becker, 1921

not described.

Chrysotoxum intermedium

Chrysotoxum intermedium A and Chrysotoxum intermedium B.
not described.

Chrysotoxum lineare (Zetterstedt), 1819

not described.

Chrysotoxum montanum Nedeljković & Vujić, in Nedeljković et al, 2015

not described.

Chrysotoxum octomaculatum Curtis, 1837

not described.

Chrysotoxum orthostylum Vujić, in Nedeljković et al, 2015

not described.

Chrysotoxum parmense Rondani, 1845

not described.

Chrysotoxum persicum Vujić, Nedeljković & Hayat, in Vujić et al, 2017

not described.

Chrysotoxum tomentosum Giglio-Tos, 1890

not described.

Chrysotoxum vernale Loew, 1841

not described, but females have been observed ovipositing around the entrance holes of ants of the Lasius flavus group in unimproved grassland (P.Goeldlin, pers.comm.). Females have also been observed egg-laying on grasses along a sandy road verge (Reemer and Goudsmits, 2004). The eggs are apparently laid singly.

Chrysotoxum verralli Collin, 1940

larva supposedly described and figured by Dixon (1960), from a larva collected in the nest of the ant Lasius niger. So many of Dixon's determinations have proved unreliable that the identity of the Chrysotoxum species involved requires to be checked before Dixon's description of this larva can be with confidence taken to refer to C.verralli.

Dixon, 1960

Claussenia hispanica (Strobl), 1909

not described.

Copestylum melleum (Jaennicke), 1867

undescribed, but the larvae are assumed to feed in decaying plant material, such as cacti (Romig and Hauser, 2004).

Criorhina asilica (Fallen), 1816

undescribed, but the species has been reared by Schuhmacher (1968) from larvae found in tree humus in a trunk cavity in Fagus.

+ Rotheray & Stuke, 1998

Rotheray & Stuke, 1998

Criorhina berberina (Fabricius), 1805

larva described and figured by Hartley (1961) and Rotheray (1991, 1994), from the rotten wood of a recently fallen Betula and from rotten roots of a Fagus stump. The larvae probably occur in association with rotten roots of a wide range of trees, including Abies and Picea. Rotheray (1994) mentions Betula, Fagus and Fraxinus for this species and reviews its larval biology.

Rotheray (1994)

Hartley (1961)

Rotheray (1991)

Rotheray (1994) // Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Rotheray (1991)

Hartley (1961)

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Hartley (1961)

Criorhina brevipila Loew, 1871

not described.

Criorhina floccosa (Meigen), 1822

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1991) and figured in colour by Rotheray (1994), from larvae collected from a rot-hole in the trunk of Ulmus and wet, decaying roots of Fagus stumps; has also been found within the mass of wet tree humus and wood fragments filling a large, winter-flooded rot-hole, within the trunk of a large, live Acer pseudoplatanus, at 1.5m from the ground.

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray (1991)

Rotheray & Stuke, 1998

Criorhina pachymera (Egger), 1858

not described.

Criorhina ranunculi (Panzer), 1804

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1991), from larvae from a stump of Fagus; almost certainly occurs in trunk-base, fungus-infested, wet-rot cavities, of Betula, Fagus, Quercus and Ulmus.

Ball & Morris, 2013

Rotheray (1991)

Ball & Morris, 2013

Rotheray & Stuke, 1998

Cryptopipiza notabila (Violovitsh), 1985

not described.

Dasysyrphus albostriatus (Fallen), 1817

larva described and figured by Dusek & Laska (1962), Brauns (1968) and Goeldlin (1974); predominantly aphid-feeding, but apparently predatory on a wide range of soft-bodied insects; according to Goeldlin (1974) the larvae twine around twigs or small branches like an annulus, keeping to the woody parts, where their colouration makes them almost invisible, and remain motionless unless potential prey passes in their immediate vicinity. Kula (1982) reports that in spruce (Picea) forest larvae of this species are to be found mostly in the crowns of trees

Dixon, 1960

Smith, 1989

Dusek & Laska (1962)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Bitsch, 1955

Brauns, 1953

Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Dixon, 1960

Scott (1939)

Bitsch, 1955

Scott (1939)

Dasysyrphus corsicanus (Becker), 1921

not described.

Dasysyrphus eggeri (Schiner), 1862

not described.

Dasysyrphus friuliensis (van der Goot), 1960

larva described and figured by Goeldlin (1974); aphid feeding; Kula (1982) records larvae of this species overwintering among leaf litter on the floor of spruce (Picea) forest.

Goeldlin (1974) -Pas cette espèce +

Dasysyrphus hilaris (Zetterstedt), 1843

not described.

Dasysyrphus lenensis Bagatshanova, 1980

not described.

Dasysyrphus neovenustus Soszynski, Mielczarek and Tofilski, 2013

not described.

Dasysyrphus nigricornis (Verrall), 1873

not described.

Dasysyrphus pauxillus (Williston), 1887

not described.

Dasysyrphus pinastri (De Geer), 1776 sensu Doczkal, 1996

= D. lunulatus

larva figured by Nielsen et al (1954) (re-examination of Icelandic specimens demonstrates that the only lunulatus-group species present in Iceland is apparently D pinastri itself). Rotheray (1987) provides a description of the larva, based on larvae beaten in September from Acer pseudoplatanus infested with the aphid Drepanosiphum platanoides (Schrank). The larvae overwintered and produced adults in May of the following year. aphid feeding; Kula (1982) records larvae probably of this species as overwintering among leaf litter on the floor of spruce (Picea) forest. Egg: Chandler (1968).

? Nielsen et al (1954)

Rotheray (1987)

? Nielsen et al (1954)

Dasysyrphus postclaviger (Stys & Moucha), 1962

not described. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).

+ Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Dasysyrphus tricinctus (Fallen), 1817

the larva has been observed predating sawfly larvae on Picea and lepidopterous larvae on deciduous trees (Gabler, 1938, Friederichs et al, 1940); features of the larva are described and figured by Dixon (1960) and the larva is illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994). Egg: features described and figured by Chandler (1968).

Rotheray (1994)

Ball & Morris, 2013

Nielsen et al (1954)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1989)

Dixon, 1960

Dasysyrphus venustus (Meigen), 1822

larva described and figured by Dusek and Laska (1962) and Rotheray (1987) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994); aphid-feeding, on trees and shrubs, e.g. Acer pseudoplatanus. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).

Rotheray (1994)

Ball & Morris, 2013

Dusek & Laska (1962)

Rotheray (1987)

Dusek & Laska (1962)

Didea alneti (Fallen), 1817

Dusek and Laska (1967) figure features of the arboreal larva. Larvae of this species have been found on Larix, Prunus, Salix and Quercus.

Dusek & Laska (1967)

Didea fasciata Macquart, 1834

larva described and figured by Heiss (1938) and illustrated from a preserved specimen in Rotheray (1994); aphidophagous larvae arboreal, on both conifers and deciduous trees; Laska & Stary (1980) provide data on larval biology.

Rotheray (1994)

Dusek & Laska (1961)

Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Heiss, 1938

Láska, Mazánek & Bičík, 2013

Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Heiss, 1938 // Hennig, 1952

Metcalf (1916)

Dussaix (site web)

Didea intermedia Loew, 1854

larva aphid-feeding; described by Evenhuis (1978), who found larvae on Pinus nigra.

Doros destillatorius Mik, 1885

larva not described, but Speight (1988c) describes and figures features of the puparium, which was found among moss at the base of an oak (Quercus). Females have been observed apparently searching for oviposition sites, flying slowly, in the shade, close to the trunk (at up to 1m from the ground) of mature, more-or-less isolated Acer monspesulanum, in open Acer/Quercus pubescens forest edging an abandoned almond orchard, from the middle of the day into the afternoon. A number of European Acer species are known to support ant-maintained populations of the large, subcortical aphid Stomaphis graffii (Cholodkovsky). A large population of S. graffii can build up within the bark of a tree trunk, in chambers excavated for them (Depa, 2012, 2013) by the ant host, normally Lasius brunneus Lat. Indeed, it seems that a L. brunneus colony is, to a significant extent, dependent upon the population of Stomaphis living with them within the bark of the trees they inhabit. Lasius brunneus is also an inhabitant of the bark of at least the lower parts of the trunks of various European Quercus species, including both deciduous species like Q. robur and evergreen oaks like Q. suber (Loi et al, 2012), where it has a similar relationship with the equally massive Stomaphis quercus (L.). Putting together what is known of the habitat and habits of D. destillatorius with what is known of the ant Lasius brunneus and its commencal aphid, Stomaphis, it is but a small step of logic to conclude it is more than possible that the larva of D.destillatorius is a specialist predator of Stomaphis, within the bark of the trunk bases of Acer and Quercus species. This would also be in keeping with the larval biology of the species of the closely-related syrphid genus Xanthogramma.

Speight (1988c)

Doros profuges (Harris), 1780

features of the puparium are described and illustrated by Speight (1988c), including distinctions from the puparium of D.destillatorius Mik; the larva is believed to be an ant commensal, probably with Lasius fuliginosus (Lat.). A female has been observed ovipositing at the base of a Fraxinus sapling.

Speight (1988c)

Epistrophe annulitarsis (Stackelberg), 1918

not described.

Epistrophe cryptica Doczkal & Schmid, 1994

larva described and figured by Mazánek et al (2001), from larvae derived from eggs laid in the laboratory by a wild-caught, gravid female. Mazánek et al (2001) include this species in their key to the third stage larvae of European Epistrophe.

Mazánek et al (2001)

Mazánek et al (2001)

Epistrophe diaphana (Zetterstedt), 1843

larva described and figured by Mazánek et al (2001), from larvae collected on Cicorium in the field and then reared in the laboratory. Mazánek et al (2001) include this species in their key to the third stage larvae of European Epistrophe and also figure its puparium.

Mazánek et al (2001)

Epistrophe eligans (Harris), 1780

larva described and figured by Goeldlin (1974) and figured in colour by Rotheray (1994) and Bartsch et al (2009a); egg described and figured by Chandler (1968); the larva is aphid feeding and largely arboreal, on shrubs and trees such as Euonymus, Malus, Prunus, Quercus and Sambucus, but can occur on bushes e.g. Rubus fruticosus (Dussaix, 1997), or herbaceous plants e.g. Arundo and some crops, such as Foeniculum, Vicia. Chambers et al (1986) refer to having collected larvae of this species from winter wheat crops. Since harvesting of winter wheat would occur before E.eligans larvae reached maturity it can only be presumed that such cereal crops represent a drain on the E.eligans population. Dussaix (2005a) points out that this species goes through prolonged larval diapause, from spring through to the end of the following winter. Mazánek et al (2001) include this species in their key to the third stage larvae of European Epistrophe. Dussaix (2013) provides coloured photos of both the active larva and the diapausing larva, and also a photo of the puparium. The puparial phase lasts only a few weeks (Dussaix, 2013).

Rotheray (1994)

Dixon, 1960

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Brauns, 1953

Dussaix, 2013

Dussaix, 2013 (Larve en diapause)

Mazánek et al (2001)

Dixon, 1960 // Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Smith, 1989

Mazánek et al (2001)

Dussaix, 2013

Epistrophe flava Doczkal & Schmid, 1994

larva described and figured (under the name ochrostoma) by Goeldlin (1974), from larvae collected from aphid galls on Malus in an orchard (Goeldlin, pers.comm.). Mazánek et al (2001) report finding the larvae of this species in the field on Cichorium and Cirsium. Bartsch et al (2009a) refer to larvae on Sambucus nigra. The larva is redescribed, figuring the puparium, by Mazánek et al (2001), who also include this species in their key to the third stage larvae of European Epistrophe.

Mazánek et al (2001)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Mazánek et al (2001)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Mazánek et al (2001)

Epistrophe grossulariae (Meigen), 1822

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1986) and figured in colour by Rotheray (1994), from larvae collected on Acer pseudoplatanus; aphid feeding; Dixon's (1960) material identified as E.grossulariae was wrongly determined. Chambers et al (1986) refer to having collected larvae of this species from winter wheat crops. Mazánek et al (2001) include this species in their key to the third stage larvae of European Epistrophe.

Rotheray (1994)

Mazánek et al (2001)

Epistrophe leiophthalma (Schiner & Egger), 1853

= Epistrophe liophthalma

larva described and figured by Goeldlin (1974) from larvae collected on Cirsium at 1500m; aphid feeding. Mazánek et al (2001) include this species in their key to the third stage larvae of European Epistrophe.

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Epistrophe melanostoma (Zetterstedt), 1843

larva described by Mazánek et al (2001), who report finding the larvae of this species in the field on Carduus, Dactynotus, Euonymus and Sambucus nigra. Dussaix (2013) reports observing oviposition of this species on the foliage of an apple tree. Mazánek et al (2001) include this species in their key to the third stage larvae of European Epistrophe and also figure its puparium.

Mazánek et al (2001)

Epistrophe nitidicollis (Meigen), 1822

larva described and figured by Dusek & Laska (1959), Goeldlin (1974) and Mazánek et al (2001); aphid-feeding. The larval biology is described by Laska & Stary (1980), who found larvae on Euonymus, Malus, Prunus and Sambucus nigra. Mazánek et al (2001) also report finding the larvae on Acer pseudoplatanus, Cerasus avium, Carduus, Rubus idaeus and Spirea. Mazánek et al (2001) include this species in their key to the third stage larvae of European Epistrophe and also figure its puparium. Dussaix (2013) provides a coloured photo of the puparium, and observes that the puparial phase lasts less than 2 weeks.

Mazánek et al (2001)

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau (1974)

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Mazánek et al (2001)

Dusek & Laska (1959) and Láska, Mazánek & Bičík (2013)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau (1974)

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dussaix, 2013

Epistrophe obscuripes (Strobl), 1910

not described.

Epistrophe ochrostoma (Zetterstedt), 1849

not described. The larva described under this name by Goeldlin (1974) was that of E. flava (P.Goeldlin. pers.comm.).

Epistrophe olgae Mutin, 1993

not described, but reported from Sambucus spp by Bartsch et al (2009a).

Epistrophella coronata (Rondani), 1857

undescribed.

Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer), 1776

the larva has been described and figured by various authors, notably by Bhatia (1939). It is incorporated into the keys provided by Rotheray (1994), who also figures the larva in colour. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988). Egg morphology is described by Chandler (1968), oviposition behaviour by Bargen et al (1998) and Scholz and Poehling (2000) and various aspects of egg development are detailed by Branquart and Hemptinne (2000), who establish that a female of this species can lay between 2000 and 4,500 eggs during its adult life. The larva is predominantly aphidophagous on a wide range of low-growing plants including various crops (e.g. Beta, Lactuca, Ribes, Solanum, Trifolium spp., Triticum), shrubs (e.g. Buddleja, Euonymus, Sambucus), lianas (Lonicera) and trees. Gomez-Polo et al (2014) demonstrate that the larvae of E. balteatus predate not only aphids, but also a wide range of other arthropods they come across, including larve of other syrphids, spiders, Collembola, caterpillars of micro-Lepidoptera (Plodia) and Heteroptera. Kula (1982) records that E.balteatus shows a preference for aphid colonies low down among the foliage, when its larvae are found on spruce (Picea). Dusek and Laska (1974) and Bargen et al (1998) describe elements of larval biology and Bombosch (1957) and Tanke (1976) give accounts of laboratory culture of the species. Branquart (1999) shows that development time (from egg-laying to eclosion of adult) in this species can be as little as 3 weeks. The puparial phase lasts for approximately one week. An extensive literature has grown up around this species, because it may be readily cultured under laboratory conditions. It has to be recognised that, although larvae of this species may occur abundantly in crops their presence does not necessarily lead to abundant adults - pesticides used to control aphids can lead to 100% mortality of E.balteatus larvae. There can also be sublethal effects of pesticides on the insects, for instance reduction of fecundity, in females that have developed in treated crops (see, for instance, Colignon et al, 2003). Barkemeyer (1994) provides an extensive and comprehensive review of the literature concerning this species and its biology. While it has been long recognised that this species can overwinter as an adult, only recently has it been established thsat it can also overwinter as a larva (Sarthou et al, 2006).

Dussaix, 2013

Rotheray (1994)

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dixon, 1960 // Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Scott (1939)

Bhatia (1939)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Scott (1939)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Brauns, 1953

Dussaix, 2013

Eriozona syrphoides (Fallen), 1817

larva arboreal, known to feed on aphids on Picea (Kula, 1983). Figured in colour and distinguished from larvae of related genera and from the larva of E. erratica, in the keys of Rotheray (1994).

Rotheray (1994)

Kula, 1983

Kula, 1983

Geoff Wilkinson et al (2020)

Láska, Mazánek & Bičík, 2013

Kula, 1983

Kula, 1983

Geoff Wilkinson et al (2020)

Eristalinus aeneus (Scopoli), 1763

larva described and figured by Hartley (1961) and by Pérez-Bañón et al (2003), who also provide a key distinguishing the puparia of this species from the puparia of the other European Eristalinus. At the northern edge of its range the larvae of E.aeneus occur in freshwater seepages and brackish rock pools on the sea coast, but elsewhere they occur in a variety of inland situations, including in association with animal dung (e.g. from pigs) and in sewage farms. Campoy et al (2019) show that, in a large-scale rearing system, the life cycle of E. aeneus is completed in an average of 9 – 10 weeks.

Pérez-Bañón et al (2003)

Hartley (1961)

Zalat & Mahmoud, 2009

Pérez-Bañón et al (2003)

Eristalinus megacephalus (Rossi), 1794

larval and pupal morphology described and figured by Pérez-Bañón et al (2003), who also provide a key distinguishing the puparia of this species from the puparia of other European Eristalinus. The larvae were found in running water contaminated by pig manure.

Pérez-Bañón et al (2003)

Zalat & Mahmoud, 2009

Pérez-Bañón et al (2003)

Zalat & Mahmoud, 2009

Eristalinus sepulchralis (L.), 1758

larva described and figured by Hartley (1961), from larvae collected in rotting vegetation in a pond. This species has also been collected from emergence traps installed over Glyceria maxima beds in a seasonally temporary pool. Larval morphology also described and figured by Pérez-Bañón et al (2003), who provide a key distinguishing the puparia of this species from the puparia of other European Eristalinus.

Lobkova et al, 2007

Hartley (1961)

Pérez-Bañón et al (2003)

Hartley (1961)

Hartley (1961) // Dusek & Laska (1960a) // Pérez-Bañón et al (2003)

Lobkova et al, 2007

Eristalinus taeniops (Wiedemann), 1818

larval morphology described and figured by Pérez-Bañón et al (2003), who provide a key distinguishing the puparia of this species from the puparia of other European Eristalinus. The larvae were found in standing water containing decaying plant material (pine needles) or rotting animal carcasses and also in running water contaminated by pig manure. Dutto and Maistrello (2017) report the recovery of E. taeniops larvae from various forms of organic waste, produced as by-products on urban industrial premises.

Pérez-Bañón et al (2003)

Zalat & Mahmoud, 2009

Pérez-Bañón et al (2003)

Zalat & Mahmoud, 2009

Eristalis abusiva Collin, 1931

larva described and figured by Hartley (1961), from specimens collected from mud at the edge of a moorland pond. The species has also been collected from emergence traps installed at the edge of oligotrophic flushes in unimproved grassland.

Hartley (1961)

Eristalis alpina (Panzer), 1798

not described.

Eristalis anthophorina (Fallen), 1817

features of the larva and puparium are described and figured by Kuznetzov and Kuznetzova (1994), but without any information on larval biology or habitat. Bagachanova (1990) records rearing the species from swampy ground rich in organic material, and also from swamp hummocks.

Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1994)

Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1994)

Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1994)

Bagachanova (1990)

Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1994)

Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1994)

Bagachanova (1990)

Eristalis arbustorum (L.), 1758

larva described and figured by Hartley (1961); aquatic/subaquatic, occurring in a wide variety of shallow, standing water situations and in cow-dung, silage pits etc. Dussaix (2005b) reports rearing the species from compost and manure heaps. Dussaix (2013) reports that the puparial phase lasts approximately two weeks, in non-overwintering generations of the species, and provides a coloured photo of the puparium.

Pérez-Bañón et al (2003)

Hartley (1961) and Dolezil (1972)

Hartley (1961)

Dussaix, 2013

Eristalis cryptarum (Fabricius), 1794

undescribed. According to Stubbs and Falk (2002) the female has been observed ovipositing on and close to very fresh cow dung along oligotrophic seepages in moorland. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).

Eristalis fratercula (Zetterstedt), 1838

larva described and figured by Campoy et al (2017), from laboratory-reared specimen. A larva from the same source is figured in colour by Nielsen and Svendsen (2014), reared in the lab, in “a plastic dish with a solution of soil, water and cow manure”.

Nielsen & Svendsen (2014)

Campoy et al (2017)

Eristalis gomojunovae Violovitsh, 1977

not described.

Eristalis hirta Loew, 1932

not described.

Eristalis horticola (De Geer), 1776

the larva and puparium are described by Dolezil (1972).

Dolezil (1972)

Eristalis intricaria (L.), 1758

larva described and figured by Hartley (1961), occurs in semi-liquid mud and fen peat beside water, in field drains, slurry and cow dung on water-logged ground.

Hartley (1961) and Dolezil (1972)

Hartley (1961)

Eristalis jugorum Egger, 1858

undescribed.

Eristalis nemorum (L.), 1758

larva described and figured by Hartley (1961); aquatic/subaquatic in streams and pools; also in cow faeces on water-logged ground.

Hartley (1961)

Bagachanova (1990)

Hartley (1961)

Bagachanova (1990)

Eristalis obscura Loew, 1866

features of the larva and puparium of an Eristalis species identified as E.vitripennis Strobl are described and figured by Kuznetzov and Kuznetzova (1994), but without any information on larval biology or habitat and no discussion of the basis upon which the species was named as E.vitripennis. It should be noted that vitripennis of Strobl was recognised as a junior synonym of rupium by Hippa et al (2001). There is need for re-examination of the adults of the material upon which Kuznetzov and Kuznetzova (1994) based their description of "E.vitripennis" larvae, before it can be decided to which species the description belongs.

Eristalis oestracea (L.), 1758

not described.

Eristalis pertinax (Scopoli), 1763

larva described and figured by Hartley (1961), from larvae in farm drains, wet manure and decaying vegetable matter in a pond. Dussaix (2005b) also reports rearing the species from a manure heap. His observation of oviposition in E.pertinax at the edge of a pond demonstrated that the eggs of this species were laid at the water surface, and float. The puparial phase lasts approximately 4 weeks (Dussaix, 2013).

Dussaix, 2013

Hartley (1961) and Dolezil (1972)

Hartley (1961) and Dolezil (1972)

Hartley (1961)

Dussaix, 2013

Eristalis picea (Fallen), 1817

not described, but probably occurring in bottom deposits of seasonal pools over sands or gravels.

Eristalis rossica Stackelberg, 1958

features of the larva and puparium are described and figured by Kuznetzov and Kuznetzova (1994), but without giving any information on larval biology or habitat. According to Bagachanova (1990) the larvae live among the roots of grasses growing in shallow water, but do not occur in swamps.

Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1994)

Kuznetzov and Kuznetzova (1994)

Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1994)

Eristalis rupium Fabricius, 1805

aquatic, described and figured by Maibach and Goeldlin (1991b). + Dolezil (1972)

Maibach & Goeldlin (1991b)

Dolezil (1972)

Maibach & Goeldlin (1991b)

Dolezil (1972)

Eristalis similis (Fallen), 1817

Pérez-Bañón et al (2013) describe the larva, figuring features in which it differs from the larva of E. tenax using photos derived from scanning electron microscopy. They found the larva of E. similis “in streams rich in organic matter”, the organic matter being, in this case, waste from an olive processing factory. They state that “oviposition took place at the edges of the stream, under and between the stones situated near the water. Eggs were ovoposited in clusters of up to a hundred eggs if several females used the same place. Pupation took place between the vegetation and slightly above the water level”. Maibach (1993) has observed oviposition by this species in a shallow, water-filled (5cm. water) depression, containing rotting wood and leaves, in river-margin gallery forest.

Pérez-Bañón et al (2013)

Eristalis tecta Vujic, Radenkovic, Nielsen & Simic, 2004

not described.

Eristalis tenax (L.), 1758

larva described and figured by Hartley (1961); redescribed by Pérez-Bañón et al (2013); illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994); aquatic/subaquatic; found in a wide range of aqueous and semi-aqueous, organically rich, rotting materials, including cow-dung, slurry etc.. Dussaix (2005b) reared the species from both compost and dung. Laboratory culture of E.tenax is described by Dolley et al (1959). Barkemeyer (1994) provides a comprehensive review of the literature on the biology of this species. The puparial phase lasts approximately 10 days (Dussaix (2013). Campoy et al (2019) carried out in depth studies of a large scale rearing system for E. tenax, demonstrating that the length of the life cyle can be maintained at approximately 7 weeks. Francuski et al (2014) demonstrate that laboratory-reared E. tenax show loss of genetic diversity after 6 – 8 generations.

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray (1994)

Hamed et al, 2017

Ikezaki, 1977

Hartley (1961)

Hartley (1961) and Dolezil (1972)

Pérez-Bañón et al (2013)

Ikezaki, 1977

Hartley (1962)

Hartley (1961)

Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Pérez-Bañón et al (2013)

Dussaix, 2013

Ikezaki, 1977

Eumerus alpinus Rondani, 1857

not described, but Speight and Garrigue (2014) reared the species (as E. olivaceus) from larvae found in tubers of Asphodelus albus and A. ramosus and provide a coloured photo of the puparium. The apparently mature larvae overwinter in decaying asphodel tubers and duration of the puparial phase is 2 – 4 weeks (Speight and Garrigue, 2014).

Speight & Garrigue (2014)

Souba-Dols G.J. et al., 2020

Souba-Dols G.J. et al., 2020

Eumerus amoenus Loew, 1848

Efflatoun (1922) records this species as having been reared from Allium, potato tubers, water melon, grapes, rotten paw-paw and damaged rhizomes of Iris germanica. It has also been reared from Allium (shallots) in the vicinity of Bordeaux.

Eumerus anatolicus Grković, Vujić & Radenković, in Chroni et al, 2018

not described.

Eumerus angustifrons Loew, 1848

not described.

Eumerus argyropus Loew, 1848

not described.

Eumerus armatus Ricarte and Rotheray, in Ricarte et al, 2012

not described.

Eumerus aurofinis Grković, Vujić & Radenković, in Grković et al, 2016

not described.

Eumerus azabense Ricarte & Marcos-García, in Ricarte et al, 2018

not described.

Eumerus banaticus Nedeljković, Grković & Vujić, in Grković et al, 2019

not described.

Eumerus barbarus (Coquebert), 1804

undescribed, but the species has supposedly been reared from cultivated Allium sp.

Eumerus basalis Loew, 1848

undescribed.

Eumerus bayardi Seguy, 1961

IN FRENCH LIST, NO IN SPECIES ACCOUNTS

Eumerus bicornis Grković, Vujić & Hayat, in Grković et al, 2019

not described.

Eumerus bifurcatus van Steenis & Hauser, in Grković et al, 2019

not described.

Eumerus caballeroi Gil-Collado, 1929

not described.

Eumerus canariensis Baez, 1982

not described.

Eumerus claripennis Coe, 1957

not described.

Eumerus clavatus Becker, 1923

not described.

Eumerus consimilis Simic & Vujic, 1996

not described.

Eumerus crassus Grković, Vujić & Radenković, in Grković et al, 2016

not described.

Eumerus dubius Baez, 1982

not described.

Eumerus emarginatus Loew, 1848

not described.

Eumerus etnensis van der Goot, 1964

the egg, larva and puparium of this species described and figured by Pérez-Bañón and Marcos-Garcia (1998), under the name E.purpurariae. The larvae were found mining decaying stems (platyclades) of the introduced cactus Opuntia. The puparial phase lasts from two and a half to nearly four weeks. In southern Europe, larvae apparently occur throughout the year, as do puparia.

Pérez-Bañón & Marcos-Garcia (1998)

Eumerus excisus van der Goot, 1968

IN FRENCH LIST, NO IN SPECIES ACCOUNTS

Eumerus flavitarsis Zetterstedt, 1843

not described.

Eumerus funeralis Meigen, 1822
= E. tuberculatus

larva described and figured by various authors, including Hodson (1927, 1932a) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994); phytophagous, feeding in damaged bulbs of Amaryllis, Hyacinthus and Narcissus etc.; classed as a minor pest of horticulture, but larvae are unable to complete their development in the absence of fungi (especially Fusarium basal-rot fungus and yeasts, Saccharomyces spp.) infesting the bulbs (Creager and Spruijt, 1935). Whether the larva of E.funeralis carries with it (from hatching) the fungus it requires, enabling it to inoculate with that fungus a healthy bulb it attacks, so as to provide itself with a food supply, has not been established. This species overwinters as a larva (Brunel and Cadou (1994).

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Rotheray (1994)

Hodson, 1932

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999) // Dixon, 1960

Hodson (1932) // Hodson (1931)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999) // Rotheray & Gilbert (2011)

Rotheray (1994)

Hodson, 1932

Eumerus gibbosus Van Steenis, Hauser & Van Zuijen, 2017

not described.

Eumerus graecus Becker, 1921

not described.

Eumerus grallator Smit, in Grković, Smit, Radenković, Vujić & van Steenis, 2019

not described.

Eumerus grandis Meigen, 1822

not described. The female has been observed ovipositing on the basal leaves of a withered plant of Laserpitium latifolium (Sjöberg, 2015).

Eumerus hispanicus van der Goot, 1966

not described

Eumerus hispidus Smit, Franquinho-Aguiar & Wakeham-Dawson 2004

undescribed, undoubtedly phytophagous, possibly in Euphorbia.

Eumerus hungaricus Szilady, 1940

the puparium is described and figured by Ricarte et al (2017), from specimens reared from bulbs of Narcissus confusus in Spain. From their data, it is apparent that the larva overwinters in bulbs of the host plant. In France, adults now consigned to E. hungaricus have repeatedly been collected from localities where no species of Narcissus is present anywhere in the vicinity, suggesting E. hungaricus can also use some other plant as larval host.

Ricarte et al., 2017

Ricarte et al., 2017

Ricarte et al., 2017

Eumerus karyates Chroni, Grković & Vujić, in Chroni et al, 2018

not described.

Eumerus lasiops Rondani, 1857

not described.

Eumerus latitarsis Macquart in Webb & Berthelot, 1839

the larva occurs in decomposing parts of the stem of Euphorbia canariensis L. (Báez, 1977).

Eumerus longicornis Loew, 1855

not described.

Eumerus lucidus Loew, 1848

not described.

Eumerus lunatus (Fabricius), 1794

not described.

Eumerus minotaurus Claussen & Lucas, 1988

not described.

Eumerus montanum Grković, Radenković & Vujić, in Grković et al, 2017

not described.

Eumerus narcissi Smith, 1928

on various occasions reared from bulbs of cultivated Narcissus, probably N.tazetta, according to Latta and Cole (1933). In N America, the species has also been reared from the indigenous Hippeastrum and “onions” (Speight et al, 2013a)

Eumerus niehuisi Doczkal, 1996

not described.

Eumerus nivariae Baez, 1982

not described.

Eumerus niveitibia Becker, 1921

not described.

Eumerus nudus Loew, 1848

larva and puparium described and figured by Ricarte et al (2017), from larvae collected from “swollen roots of Asphodelus cerasiferus”. The species has also been reared from larvae found in tubers of Asphodelus ramosus (sometimes regarded as a synonym of A. cerasiferus), by Speight and Garrigue (2014), who also provide a photo of the puparium. Ricarte et al (2017) question the identity of the larval host plant recorded by Speight and Garrigue (2014), stating it must have been A. cerasiferus. However, it can be confirmed that the asphodel species refered to as A. ramosus by Speight and Garrigue (2014) was indeed that species. Asphodelus cerasiferus also occurs in the vicinity of the Jardin Méditerranéen (Banyuls-sur-Mer), from which the larvae were collected, but is a much rarer plant there (J. Garrigue, pers. comm.) and was not investigated as a potential host plant for E. nudus. The larva of E. nudus apparently overwinters within decaying asphodel tubers and the duration of the puparial phase is approximately 6 weeks (Speight and Garrigue, 2014). An occupied tuber was usually found to contain more than one E. nudus larva and often also larvae of E. olivaceus and E. pulchellus (Speight and Garrigue, 2014).

Ricarte et al., 2017

Ricarte et al., 2017

Speight & Garrigue (2014)

Ricarte et al., 2017

Eumerus obliquus (Fabricius), 1805

larva and puparium described and figured by de Moor (1973) from larvae collected from decaying, liquified tissues of a tropical fruit (Loganiaceae) and from cuttings of Poinsettia (Euphorbiaceae) in water. Puparium also described and figured by Ricarte et al (2008), from larvae in decaying Opuntia platyclades and fruit. In this species the three pairs of lappets at the posterior end of the abdomen, normally characterising the larvae of Eumerus species, seem to be undeveloped. De Moor (1973) records E. obliquus as having been reared from the decaying tissues of fruiting bodies, tubers or bulbs of a wide range of plant families: Crucifera (rotting cabbage), Cucurbitaceae (pumpkin), Liliacea (Aloe), Rutaceae (grapefruit), Sapindaceae (Lichi), Solanaceae (rotting potatoes). The pupal phase lasts in this species for 2 – 3 weeks (de Moor, 1973).

Ricarte et al., 2008

Ricarte et al., 2008

Eumerus olivaceus Loew, 1848

not described. ( NO Speight and Garrigue, 2014)

Eumerus ornatus Meigen, 1822

not described.

Eumerus ovatus Loew, 1848

not described.

Eumerus pannonicus Ricarte, Vujić & Radenković, in Markov et al, 2016

not described.

Eumerus pauper Becker, 1921

not described.

Eumerus phaeacus Chroni, Grković & Vujić, in Chroni et al, 2018

not described.

Eumerus pulchellus Loew, 1848

developmental stages described and figured by Ricarte et al (2008), from larvae found in cavities in tubers of the asphodel, Asphodelus aestivus and sea squill, Urginea maritima. Asphodelus albus and Asphodelus ramosus have also been identified as plant hosts for the larvae (Speight and Garrigue, 2014). So far, larvae of E. pulchellus have been found accompanying larvae of other bulb/tuber inhabiting syrphid larvae and it seems likely that this species is dependent upon larvae of other species to provide the conditions of plant tissue decay under which its own larvae can develop.

Ricarte et al., 2008

Speight & Garrigue (2014)

Eumerus purpurariae Baez, 1982

undescribed. The developmental stages described as those of E.purpurariae by Pérez-Bañón and Marcos-Garcia (1998) are those of E.etnensis (see Smit et al, 2004).

Eumerus purpureus Macquart, in Webb & Berthelot, 1839

not described.

Eumerus pusillus Loew, 1848

larva described and figured by Ricarte et al (2008) from larvae in decaying parts of bulbs of sea squill, Drimia maritima. Van Eck (2016a) reports further rearings of E. pusillus from D. maritima bulbs.

Ricarte et al., 2008

Eumerus richteri Stackelberg, 1960

not described.

Eumerus rubrum Grković & Vujić, in Grković et al, 2017

not described.

Eumerus ruficornis Meigen, 1822

Johansson (2011) provides evidence indicating that a larval host plant of E. ruficornis is Scorzonera humilis.

Eumerus rusticus Sack, 1932

not described.

Eumerus sabulonum (Fallen), 1817

Munk (2000) observed early instar larvae of apparently this species in cavities they had presumably made in the leaves of Jasione montana, on which he had previously observed oviposition by E. sabulonum. Unfortunately the larvae were not reared to maturity. Stubbs (1997) also reported a female apparently ovipositing on a rosette of Jasione montana.

Eumerus santosabreui Baez, 1982 .

not described

Eumerus sicilianus van der Goot, 1964

not described.

Eumerus sinuatus Loew, 1855

not described.

Eumerus sogdianus Stackelberg, 1952

undescribed, but reared from Allium spp., Daucus carota and Solanum tuberosum. This species overwinters as a larva (Brunel and Cadou (1994). The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).

Eumerus strigatus (Fallen), 1817

puparium described and figured by Ricarte et al (2017); larva described and figured by Heiss (1938); bulb feeder, recorded from Amaryllidaceae, parsnip, carrot, potato, asparagus, artichoke roots (Cynara scolymus) and also from rotting grapefruit; regarded as a minor pest of horticulture, but apparently only attacks bulbs etc. when they are rotting. This species overwinters as a larva (Brunel and Cadou (1994).

Heiss, 1938

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Ricarte et al., (2017 //

Heiss, 1938 and Hennig, 1952 and Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Smith, 1989 // Dixon, 1960

Dixon, 1960

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999) // Hodson (1932)

Ricarte et al., (2017)

Poos & Weigel, 1927

Hennig, 1952

Dusek & Laska (1961) // Ricarte et al., (2017)

Ricarte et al., (2017)

Heiss, 1938

Eumerus subornatus Claussen, 1989

not described.

Eumerus sulcitibius Rondani, 1868

not described.

Eumerus tarsalis Loew, 1848

not described.

Eumerus tauricus (Stackelberg), 1952

not described.

Eumerus tenuitarsis Grković & Vujić, in Grković, Smit, Radenković, Vujić & van Steenis, 2019

not described.

Eumerus torsicus Grković & Vujić, in Grković et al, 2016

not described.

Eumerus tricolor (Fabricius), 1798

larva and puparium described by Arzone (1972). The species has been reared from Tragopogon (Loiselle, 1914; Arzone, 1973) and is recognised as a pest of crops of T.porrifolius (Arzone, 1972).

Arzone (1972)

Eumerus truncatus Rondani, 1868

not described.

Eumerus uncipes Rondani, 1850

not described.

Eumerus vandenberghei Doczkal, 1996

not described.

Eumerus vestitus Bezzi, 1912

not described.

Eupeodes abiskoensis (Dusek & Laska), 1973

not described.

Eupeodes biciki Nielsen, 2003

not described.

Eupeodes borealis (Dusek & Laska), 1973

not described.

Eupeodes bucculatus (Rondani), 1857

Dixon (1960) provides a description of the larva of what was probably this species. Larvae were found by Laska and Stary (1980) on Cirsium arvense in fields.

Kumar et al, 1987

Kumar et al, 1987

Eupeodes corollae (Fabricius), 1794

larva described by Dusek & Laska (1961); larva and puparium photographed in colour by Dussaix (2013); biology detailed by Marcos-Garcia (1981); aphid feeding on various low-growing plants, particularly Leguminosae and including various crop plants (e.g. Avena, Beta, Cucurbita, Lactuca, Triticum, Zea). Dussaix (2013) also reports larvae on Acer campestre, Hedera, Laburnum, Malus and Rosa. Chambers and Sunderland (1983) record larval densities of up to 46 per m² in crops of winter wheat (Triticum). Laboratory culture of this species is described by Bombosch (1957). According to Dusek and Laska (1961), this species overwinters as a puparium, which is most unusual for an aphidiphagous syrphid. Development (from egg-laying to larval maturity) can apparently take as little as 11 days (Chambers, 1991). The puparial phase lasts approximately 8 days (Dussaix (2013). Egg: Chandler (1968). The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988). A comprehensive review of the biology of this species is provided by Barkemeyer (1994).

Dussaix, 2013

Dusek & Laska (1961)

Dixon, 1960

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Dussaix, 2013

Eupeodes curtus (Hine), 1922

not described.

Eupeodes duseki Mazanek, Laska & Bicik, 1999

not described.

Eupeodes flaviceps (Rondani), 1857

larva undescribed, but reared by Marcos-Garcia (1985b) from larvae collected on Thalictrum flavum among aphids. Further plants on which E.flaviceps larvae have been found are listed by Rojo and Marcos-Garcia (1998): Chaerophyllum, Cirsium, Eryngium and Foeniculum.

Eupeodes goeldlini Mazanek, Laska & Bicik, 1999

not described.

Eupeodes lambecki (Dusek & Laska), 1973

not described.

Eupeodes latifasciatus (Macquart), 1829

larva described by Dusek & Laska (1960); aphid feeding, on root-aphids. Egg: Chandler (1968). The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988). This species has been reared in the laboratory on aphids associated with various low-growing plants and shrubs. The available information on rearing in culture is summarised by Barkemeyer (1994).

Dusek & Laska (1960b)

Dusek & Laska (1960b)

Dussaix (site web)

Eupeodes lucasi (Garcia & Laska), 1983

larva not described, but reared from aphids on Arctium, Cirsium, Cynara scolymus, Doronicum, Epilobium, Malus, Prunus and Vicia (Rojo and Marcos-Garcia, 1998; Marcos-Garcia et al, 2000). Under laboratory conditions, the period egg/adult is less than 4 weeks, for this species (Marcos-Garcia et al, 2000).

Eupeodes lundbecki (Soot-Ryen), 1946

not described, but Bagachanova (1990) records rearing this species from larvae found on Tanacetum and Prunus.

Eupeodes luniger (Meigen), 1822

larva described and figured by Bhatia (1939) and Rotheray (1994) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994) and Dussaix (2013); puparium shown in colour by Dussaix (2013); biology described by Dusek & Laska (1974) and Marcos-Garcia (1981); aphid feeding on various low-growing plants, including various crops (Cynara, Lavatera, Vicia, Zea). Dussaix (2005b) also reports rearing the species from larvae collected on Hedera. Dussaix (2013) adds Urtica to the list of plants on which larvae of this species have been found, and indicates that duration of the puparial phase is approximately ten days. Apparently this species can overwinter as a puparium. Egg: Chandler (1968). A review of the literature on the biology of this species is provided by Barkemeyer (1994).

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray (1994)

Dusek & Laska, 1962

Dixon, 1960

Bhatia (1939)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974 // Dixon, 1960

Bhatia (1939)

Scott (1939)

Bhatia (1939)

Dusek & Laska, 1967

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Bhatia (1939)

Scott (1939)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Dussaix, 2013

Eupeodes nielseni (Dusek & Laska), 1976

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1988a) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994); apparently a specialist predator of conifer aphids.

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray (1988b)

Eupeodes nigroventris (Fluke), 1933

= E. rufipunctatus

not described, but has been collected on Salix, on which both aphids and coccids were present (Vockeroth, 1992).

Eupeodes nitens (Zetterstedt), 1843

larva undescribed, but this species has been reared by Goeldlin (pers.comm.) from larvae collected from Cirsium in alpine grassland. Barkemeyer (1994) provides a comprehensive account of the aphid species on which E.nitens has been reared under laboratory conditions, citing various authors. Metcalf (1916) described the larva of a North American species he named as E.nitens, but E.nitens is not known from N America. Bagachanova (1990) reared a species she identified as E.nitens from larvae on Betula, Epilobium, Larix, Rumex, Salix, Spiraea, Tanacetum, Thalitricum, Urtica and umbellifers.

Metcalf (1916)

Metcalf (1916)

Metcalf (1916)

Eupeodes nuba (Wiedemann), 1830

not described.

Eupeodes punctifer (Frey), 1934

not described, but Bagachanova (1990) reared this species from larvae found on Spiraea.

Eupeodes tirolensis (Dusek & Laska), 1973

not described.

Eupeodes vandergooti (Dusek & Laska), 1973

not described.

Ferdinandea aurea Rondani, 1844

not described, but Ricarte et al (2010) record collection of F.aurea in emergence traps covering trunk-base tree cavities (“root-holes”) and other trunk tree-holes, in Quercus faginea and Q.pyrenaica. Also, a female has been observed apparently prospecting the trunk base of an overmature Q.pubescens for oviposition purposes. The tree concerned had no extensive areas of trunk-base rot or trunk cavities, but did exhibit a narrow area of Cerambyx damage just above the ground surface. On a number of French sites where F.aurea is locally common Cerambyx velutinus is also abundant and it is possible that the larvae of F.aurea inhabit the tunnels made by the larvae of this cerambycid, low down on the trunks (and in trunk cavities) of various Quercus species. A dependence upon some other Mediterranean-zone saproxylic insect like Cerambyx velutinus would help to explain the restriction of F.aurea to the Mediterranean zone and its unusual feature of having an almost entirely autumnal flight period – presumably providing the female with an opportunity to oviposit in trunk cavities that have reached an approprite condition for larval development. Now that it is known that the larvae of F.aurea develop in trunk-base tree holes it should be possible to establish exactly where, in those tree holes, the larvae occur and whether other saproxylics are involved in making appropriate larval microhabitat available for F.aurea.

Ferdinandea cuprea (Scopoli), 1763

larva described by Hartley (1961), who found the larvae in semi-aqueous material associated with tree wounds, in Cossus-damaged Populus. Illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994) and Dussaix (2013). Larvae have also been collected from sappy frass or fungus growths in superficial, sub-bark Cossus tunnels in Quercus (including Q.pubescens) and from sap runs on Quercus where there was no evidence that Cossus was present. Larvae have been found in tree wounds and sap runs on the trunks of living deciduous trees of various sorts, including Acer, Aesculus, Betula, Malus, Populus, Quercus, Salix and Ulmus. Rotheray (1990a) found larvae in association with wet, decomposing tree roots of Quercus and in the tree humus of large trunk cavities in old Quercus. Ricarte et al (2010) report collection of F.cuprea in emergence traps covering holes in trunks of Quercus pyrenaica. Dussaix (2005b) reports finding puparia at the base of living Quercus, where parts of either the trunk-base or roots were rotting. Van Eck and Zwakhals (2015) also mention collection of the puparia of this species in the winter and early spring, from around the base of a large oak carrying sap runs. The puparia can be found by eye, lying free on the ground surface, or among loose, ground surface litter (A. Eck, pers.comm.). Dussaix (2013) reports observing full-grown F. cuprea larvae moving down the trunk of an oak, away from the sap-run in which they developed, to pupate among the litter at the trunk base. Brunel and Cadou (1994) show that larval development of F.cuprea is not necessarily dependent upon tree exudates, having reared the species successfully and repeatedly from larvae collected in the field from rotting artichoke (Cynara) roots, on which the larvae also fed in the laboratory. They suggest that, on both morphological and behavioural grounds, the larva of F.cuprea should be regarded more as a phytophage than a saprophage. This species overwinters as a puparium (Cadou, pers.comm. and Dussaix, 2013). But the duration of the puparial phase, for non-overwintering puparia, originating in larvae from the spring generation of adults, is 2 weeks (Dussaix, 2013). The general appearance of the puparium is shown in the coloured photo provided by Dussaix (2013).

Rotheray (1994)

Dusek & Laska (1988)

Dussaix, 2013

Wolton & Luff (2016).

Ricarte et al, 2007

Hartley (1961) // Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Dusek & Laska (1988)

Stuke, 2000

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999) // Ricarte et al, 2007

Dusek & Laska (1988)

Stuke, 2000

Dusek & Laska (1988)

Dussaix, 2013

Wolton (2016).

Ferdinandea fumipennis Kassebeer, 1999

features of the larva and puparium are described and figured by Ricarte et al (2007), from material collected from a sap-run on the trunk of live Quercus pyrenaica. Ricarte et al (2010) also report a female of F.fumipennis observed ovipositing in a sap-run on Q.pyrenaica, in April.

Ricarte et al, 2007

Ferdinandea ruficornis (Fabricius), 1775

not described, but has been reared from sappy material in the burrows of Cossus cossus caterpillars in Quercus. Kruger (1926) found the puparium of this species in soil at the base of a Populus attacked by Cossus larvae. Ricarte et al (2010) report collection of a number of specimens of F.ruficornis in an emergence trap covering a tree hole into which a sap-run was flowing, on the trunk of Quercus pyrenaica. Bartsch et al (2009b) refer to the adults as being found on the trunks of Aesculus, Betula and Populus tremula.

Stuke, 2000

Hammerschmidtia ferruginea (Fallen), 1817

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1991) and figured in colour by Rotheray (1994), from larvae and puparia collected from sappy material under the bark of recently fallen aspen (Populus tremula), of more than 25cm diameter. The larva is also figured in colour by Bartsch et al (2009a). The larvae may be distinguished from larvae of some Brachyopa species by the key in Rotheray (1994). Krivosheina, M.A. (2003a) provides a key for separation of the larva of H.ferruginea from the larva of H. rufa. Rotheray and MacGowan (2000) suggest that stands of aspen of less than 5ha extent are unlikely to be able to maintain populations of this species, due to its requirement for a constantly renewed resource of recently-dead trees.That recently-dead trees of P.tremula are significant in maintaining H.ferruginea populations, is reiterated by Rotheray et al (2009). However, they also indicate that this syrphid can survive at lower populations densities using sap runs on living P.tremula as larval microhabitat.

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray (1991) and MacGowan, 1997

Bartsch et al (2009)

Rotheray (1991)

Krivosheina (2003b)

Hammerschmidtia
rufa (Fallen) 1817

= H. ingrica

larva described and figured by Krivosheina, M.A. (2003a), who also provides a key to separate the larvae of the two European Hammerschmidtia species. Found under the bark of various trees: Juglans manshurica, Populus (inc.P.tremula), Ulmus and, in Asia Chosenia and Maackia (M.A.Krivosheina, pers.comm.). Polevoi et al (2018) report collection of a number of specimens of this species by an emergence trap installed on a broken trunk of Populus tremula in Karelia. Skevington et al (2019) state “larvae have been found under the bark of recently fallen aspen, elm, walnut and willow”.

Krivosheina (2003)

Krivosheina (2003)

Helophilus affinis Wahlberg, 1844

not described.

Helophilus bottnicus Wahlberg, 1844

not described.

Helophilus continuus Loew, 1854

not described.

Helophilus groenlandicus (Fabricius), 1780

not described.

Helophilus hybridus Loew, 1846

larva described and figured by Hartley (1961), from larvae collected from decaying rhizomes of Typha, in a pond. This species has also been collected in numbers from emergence traps installed over beds of Glyceria maxima, in a seasonally temporary pool.

Bagachanova (1990)

Hartley (1961)

Bagachanova (1990)

Helophilus lapponicus Wahlberg, 1844

not described, but probably in pools and ditches (Nielsen, 1997).

Helophilus pendulus (L.), 1758

larva described and figured by Hartley (1961) and illustrated in colour (apparently from a preserved specimen) by Rotheray (1994). The living larva and the puparium are shown in colour by Dussaix (2013). Larvae occur in standing water of ponds (including garden ponds), canals, wet ditches, open tree hollows and garden water butts and in sub-aqueous decaying vegetable matter such as cow-dung, wet compost heaps and slurry pits. Dussaix (2013) observes that the duration of the puparial phase varies with the generation, more than 4 weeks for puparia from overwintering larvae, but less than 2 weeks for puparia from non-overwintering larvae.

Dussaix, 2013

Dusek & Laska (1961)

Hartley (1961)

Dusek & Laska (1961)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Dusek & Laska (1961)

Dussaix, 2013

Hartley (1961)

Helophilus trivittatus (Fabricius), 1805 = H. parallelus

apparently still undescribed, although larvae have been reared by Dolezil (1972) from eggs laid on a hay infusion in water. The eggs were laid in batches of 100-150 over a period of a week in September. Some of the larvae kept in the laboratory pupated in November, but the others, kept outdoors until frosts commenced and then in a cool cellar, pupated from 21 April onwards in the next year. The puparial phase lasted 2 weeks. The larva has also been found in liquid mud with a high organic content of animal dung and rotting vegetation. Bagachanova (1990) observed oviposition on plants bordering shallow water enriched by organic material and notes that the eggs of this species float in water. From rearing the species under laboratory conditions she established that H.trivittatus overwinters as a larva.

Dolezil (1972)

Bagachanova (1990)

Dolezil (1972)

Bagachanova (1990)

Heringia adpropinquans (Becker), 1908

not described.

Heringia heringi (Zetterstedt), 1843

larva described and figured by Dusek and Laska (1959); larval biology described by Dusek and Kristek (1967), Kurir (1963) and Rojo et al (1999); the larvae are predators of gall-making or leaf-curling aphids or psyllids on various trees, e.g. Populus and Ulmus, fruit trees e.g. Malus, Prunus spp., Pyrus, shrubs e.g. Laurus, Pistachio and live within the aphid galls, one larva per gall being normal. Ball and Morris (2013) provide a coloured illustration of the larva of H. heringi with its aphid prey, within a gall on Populus. In the case of Laurus nobilis, Rojo et al (1999) observed that it was characteristically the young plants, less than 1m tall, on which H.heringi larvae were found. Rojo and Marcos-Garcia (1997) established that from oviposition to production of a puparium takes three weeks and that the adult hatches from the puparium after two weeks, during the summer. The larvae overwinter in diapause, which ends in April/May.

Dussaix, 2013

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dussaix, 2013

Ischiodon aegyptius (Wiedemann), 1830

developmental stages described and figured by Tawfik et al (1974); an aphid predator on low-growing plants and shrubs, including various crops, e.g. cotton, maize, squashes. Marcos-Garcia (pers.comm.) has reared this species from a larva collected on Euphorbia obtusifolia in the Canary Isles. Laska et al (2006) provide a key for separation of the last instar larvae and puparia of I. aegyptius and I. scutellaris, and also describe their diagnostic features.

Tawfik et al (1974)

Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius), 1805

described (as Sphaerophoria scutellaris) by Lal and Gupta (1953), who found larvae on various low-growing and tall herbaceous plants, including lianas. They remark that they found larvae frequently on crops of mustard (Sinapis alba). Laska et al (2006) provide a key for separation of the last instar larvae and puparia of I. aegyptius and I. scutellaris, and also describe their diagnostic features.

+ Kumar et al, 1987

Kumar et al, 1987

Lal & Gupta (1953)

Kumar et al, 1987

Lal & Gupta (1953)

Ischyroptera bipilosa Pokorny, 1887

not described.

Katara connexa Vujić & Radenković, 2018

not described.

Lapposyrphus lapponicus (Zetterstedt), 1838

larva described and figured by Goeldlin (1974). According to Kula (1980) the larvae may be found at all heights above the ground in spruce (Picea) trees and can overwinter among litter on the forest floor. Laska and Stary (1980) reared L.lapponicus from aphids on Euonymus and Fagus. According to Skevington et al (2019) the larvae “feed on aphids and adelgids on Abies, Cedrus, Euonymus, Fagus, Gleditsia triacanthos, Larix, Malus, Picea, Pinus, Prenanthes purpurea and Rhododendron”.

+ Mitchell, 1962

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Mitchell, 1962

Mitchell, 1962

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Mitchell, 1962

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Mitchell, 1962

Lejogaster metallina (Fabricius), 1781

larva described and figured by Maibach and Goeldlin (1994) and by Hartley (1961); aquatic, occurring among plant roots just at the level of the water surface, along the edge of slowly running water.

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1994

Hartley (1961)

Lejogaster tarsata (Meigen), 1822 L.splendida

larva described and figured by Maibach and Goeldlin (1994) and by Hartley (1961), from larvae found among floating, decaying vegetation in a pond and figured in colour by Rotheray (1994).

Rotheray (1994)

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1994

Hartley (1961)

Lejops vittatus (Meigen), 1822

Waitzbauer (1976) records that the eggs of this species are laid on the stems and leaves of emergent plants like Typha, the larvae falling into the water once hatched. The larvae apparently remain more-or-less at the water surface, in association with floating plants such as Lemna, for most of their development, but by the last instar have moved into the submerged organic ooze/mud at the bottom of the pond or ditch in which they are living.

Waitzbauer (1976) Pas d'illustration

Lejota korsakovi (Stackelberg), 1952

not described.

Lejota ruficornis (Zetterstedt), 1843

not described. The larva of a north American Lejota species was found by Metcalf (1913), under the bark of a rotten log. From the available data there is a high probability that the larvae of this species are associated with fallen timber (including small branches) of deciduous trees, partially-submerged in shallow water, and with wet wood partially rotted by Polyporaceae. Bartsch et al (2009b) suggest that, in Scandinavia, the larvae develop in rotting wood of Populus tremula.

Leucozona glaucia (L.), 1758

larva described and figured by Dusek & Laska (1962).

Dusek & Laska (1962)

Leucozona inopinata Doczkal, 2000

not described.

Leucozona laternaria (Muller), 1776

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1988a) from larvae collected on Angelica and figured in colour by Rotheray (1994).

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray, (1988b)

Leucozona lucorum (L.), 1758

larva described and figured by Dusek & Laska (1967) and figured in colour by Rotheray (1994); aphidophagous.

Rotheray (1994)

Dusek & Laska (1967)

Leucozona nigripila Mik, 1888

not described.

Mallota cimbiciformis (Fallen), 1817

larva described and figured by Maibach and Goeldlin (1989), who summarise data available on larval biology. The larva is also illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994). Dussaix (2013) provides a coloured photo of the puparium. The rat-tailed larva is saprophagous, living in standing-water tree-holes in deciduous trees, e.g. Acer, Aesculus, Fagus, Populus, Quercus, Ulmus, usually at some metres from the ground; the species apparently shows preference for cavities with narrow entrance holes. These holes can provide entry to central trunk cavities of considerable proportions. Mallota larvae have been found in these large cavities, when they are part filled with water, for instance by Dussaix (2005b). The larva of this species over-winters. Duration of the puparial phase is approximately 3 weeks (Dussaix, 2013).

Rotheray (1994)

Dixon, 1960

Hartley (1961) // Maibach & Goeldlin (1989)

Krivosheina, 2002

Maibach & Goeldlin (1989)

Krivosheina, 2002

Krivosheina, 2002

Maibach & Goeldlin (1989)

Krivosheina, 2002

Krivosheina, 2002

Maibach & Goeldlin (1989)

Dussaix (site web)

Mallota dusmeti Andréu, 1926

larva reared (Marcos-Garcia, 2006) from rot-holes in Fraxinus angustifolius and Quercus faginea; Micó et al (2010) add Q.pyrenaica and Q.rotundifolia to the list of trees hosting larvae, adding that rot-holes containing larvae were at heights of 1-2.5m from the ground. Lauriaut and Lair (2018) provide an account of rearing M. dusmeti from a deep, water-containing rot-hole in the trunk of an ancient, living Quercus suber. Larval and puparial features are described and figured by Ricarte et al (2007).

Sanchez-Galvan et al., 2017

Ricarte et al, 2007

Sanchez-Galvan et al., 2017

Ricarte et al, 2007

Lauriaut & Lair, 2018

Mallota eurasiatica Stackelberg, 1950

features of the larva and puparium are described by Kuznetzov and Kuznetzov (1995), based on puparia collected from rot-holes in Betula. Sivova & Mutin (2000) also found the larva of this species among wet material in a rot-hole on a young birch (Betula platyphylla Sukacz.). Svivova et al (1999) both describe and figure features of the larva and briefly describe the puparium, having reared the species from wet, sappy material under the bark of old, live Ulmus pumila. They state the species overwinters as a larva and that the insect remains in the puparium for 12-14 days. Features of the larva and puparium are again described and figured by Krivosheina (2002), from larvae collected in sap-run and wet rot-hole material on the trunk of a living tree of Ulmus propinqua Koidz.

Sivova & Mutin (2000) Pas d'illustration

Svivova et al (1999)

Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1995)

Krivosheina, 2002

Krivosheina, 2002

Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1995)

Krivosheina, 2002

Krivosheina, 2002

Mallota fuciformis (Fabricius), 1794

undescribed, but bred from basal rot-holes containing wet tree humus in trunks of Quercus suber (C. Lauriaut, pers.comm.).

Mallota megilliformis (Fallén), 1817

not described, but this species is closely associated with old trees old Populus and Ulmus damaged by Cossus (G. Popov, pers. comm.).

Mallota rossica Portschinsky, 1877

not described. + Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1994)

Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1994)

Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1994)

Mallota tricolor Loew, 1871

not described.

Megasyrphus erraticus (L.), 1758 = M. annulipes

larva described and figured by Dusek & Laska (1967) and Goeldlin (1974); recorded by Kula (1982) as overwintering among leaf litter on the floor of spruce (Picea) forest.

+ Láska, Mazánek & Bičík, 2013

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Dusek & Laska (1967)

Láska, Mazánek & Bičík, 2013

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Melangyna arctica (Zetterstedt), 1838

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1988a) from larvae collected on Alnus, and figured in colour and separated from larvae of some other Melangyna species in the keys of Rotheray (1994).

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray (1988a)

Melangyna barbifrons (Fallen), 1817

not described.

Melangyna coei Nielsen, 1971

larva not described, but found on umbellifers (Bartsch et al, 2009).

Melangyna compositarum (Verrall), 1873

not described.

Melangyna ericarum (Collin), 1946

not described.

Melangyna lasiophthalma (Zetterstedt), 1843

larva described and figured by Goeldlin (1974), who found larvae on yellow gentian; aphid-feeding. Figured in colour and separated from larvae of some other Melangyna species in the keys of Rotheray (1994). Egg: Chandler (1968).

Rotheray (1994)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Melangyna lucifera Nielsen, 1980

not described.

Melangyna pavlovskyi Violovitsh, 1956

not described.

Melangyna quadrimaculata Verrall, 1873

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1988a), from larvae collected on Abies alba, and figured in colour and separated from larvae of some other Melangyna species in the keys of Rotheray (1994). This species apparently overwinters as a puparium.

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray (1988a)

Melangyna umbellatarum (Fabricius), 1794

larva described and figured by Dusek & Laska (1967); aphid feeding. Figured in colour and separated from larvae of some other Melangyna species in the keys of Rotheray (1994). The larvae have been found on large umbellifers, Rumex and Betula (Bagachanova, 1990). Egg: Chandler (1968). The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).

Rotheray (1994)

Dusek & Laska, 1967 and Láska, Mazánek & Bičík, 2013

Melanogaster aerosa (Loew), 1843

larva described and figured by Maibach and Goeldlin (1994), who also provide means of distinguishing this larva from that of M.hirtella; to be found close to water, beneath the surface of semi-liquid mud heavily enriched by peat, in the vicinity of plant roots, where there is almost no water movement.

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1994

Melanogaster curvistylus Vujić & Stuke, 1998

not described.

Melanogaster hirtella (Loew), 1843

larva described and figured by Hartley (1961); aquatic, associated with various aquatic plants, including Glyceria and Typha, whose aerenchyma is tapped by the larvae to provide their air supply; the larvae are to be found among plant roots, usually at the edge of running water, in the angle where the bank begins to rise away from the water level.

Hartley (1961)

Smith, 1989

Smith, 1989 // Dixon, 1960

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Rotheray & Gilbert, 2011

Hartley (1961)

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1994

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1994

Melanogaster nigricans (Stackelberg), 1922

not described.

Melanogaster nigricans (Stackelberg), 1922

not described.

Melanogaster nuda (Macquart), 1829 = Chrysogaster viduata

larva described and figured by Hennig (1952) and Maibach and Goeldlin (1994); the larvae are to be found among plant roots, usually at the edge of running water, where the bank begins to rise above the water level.

+ Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1994

Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Hennig, 1952

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1994

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1994

Melanogaster parumplicata (Loew), 1840

not described.

Melanostoma certum Haarto & Ståhls, 2014

not described.

Melanostoma mellarium (Meigen), 1822

not described.

Melanostoma mellinum (L.), 1758

larva described and figured by Dusek & Laska (1960a); aphid-feeding, on a wide range of low-growing plants, including grasses. Dunn (1960) has been quoted as observing M. mellinum larvae predating the aphid Pemphigus bursarius on the roots of lettuce (Lactuca). But his paper only notes the presence of M. mellinum larvae on lettuce foliage in August/September, from which he infers that M. mellinum could predate P. bursarius. Discovery that larvae of M. scalare predate the larvae of other Diptera in woodland leaf litter (Wilkinson & Rotheray, 2017) suggests that larvae of M. mellinum might well do likewise in open ground habitats like grassland. Dziock (2002) reported that under laboratory conditions development (from egg-laying to hatching of adult) can take as little as 5-6 weeks in M. mellinum. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).

Dusek & Laska (1960a) sans illustration

+ Metcalf (1916) + Heiss, 1938

Metcalf (1916)

Heiss, 1938

Metcalf (1916)

Melanostoma scalare (Fabricius), 1794

larva described and figured by Dusek & Laska (1959), from a full-grown larva found on the trunk of an apricot tree; larvae seem to occur mostly in the litter layer or tussocks of grasses such as Dactylis. Wilkinson and Rotheray (2017) extracted M. scalare larvae from woodland leaf litter and demonstrate they can predate co-occurring larvae of other Diptera (Lonchopteridae, Lauxaniidae, Limoniidae) and are not obligate aphid feeders. Dziock (2005) notes that, in captive rearing experiments, M. scalare larvae choose to feed on aphid species which, in nature, would normally be tended by ants. Dziock (2002) reports that under laboratory conditions development (from egg-laying to hatching of adult) can take as little as 5-6 weeks in this species. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dusek & Laska (1967)

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Melanostoma wollastoni Wakeham-Dawson, Franquinho-Aguiar, Smit, McCullough and Wyatt, 2004

not described.

Meligramma cincta (Fallen), 1817

larva described and figured by Dusek & Laska (1962) from larvae on Fagus; aphid-feeding; egg described by Chandler (1968). Figured in colour (as Melangyna cincta) and separated from larvae of some other Meligramma species in the keys of Rotheray (1994).

Rotheray (1994)

Dusek & Laska (1962)

Heiss, 1938

Dusek & Laska (1962)

Láska, Mazánek & Bičík, 2013

Heiss, 1938

Dusek & Laska (1962)

Heiss, 1938

Meligramma cingulata (Egger), 1860

not described.

Meligramma euchroma (Kowarz), 1885

larva described and figured by Dusek & Laska (1959) and Goeldlin (1974); separated from related species in the keys of Rotheray (1994); aphid- feeding on trees and shrubs (e.g. Euonymus, Prunus), including fruit trees in orchards.

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Láska, Mazánek & Bičík, 2013

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Morris, 1998

Meligramma guttata (Fallen), 1817

larva described and figured by Dixon (1960), from larvae collected on Acer pseudoplatanus. Separated from larvae of some other Meligramma species in the keys of Rotheray (1994). Vockeroth(1980) provides a key for distinguishing the puparia of M.guttata and M.triangulifera.

Dixon, 1960

Meligramma triangulifera (Zetterstedt), 1843

larva figured in colour and separated from larvae of M.cincta and M.guttata in the keys of Rotheray (1994). The larva is also figured in colour by Bartsch et al (2009a) and Dussaix (2013). Vockeroth (1980) provides a key for distinguishing the puparia of M.guttata and M.triangulifera. Larvae are aphidophagous on tall herbs, deciduous shrubs and trees (Heiss, 1938, as Epistrophe cincta and E.triangulifera, according to Vockeroth, 1992), e.g. Betula, Cirsium, Prunus, Ribes, Rubus, Sambucus. Dussaix (2005b) reports rearing the species from larvae found on Frangula alnus, Hydrangium and Sonchus. Dussaix (2013) provides a coloured photo of the puparium, and reports that duration of the puparial phase is approximately 10 days.

Rotheray (1994)

Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Dixon, 1960

Dussaix, 2013

(Heiss, 1938, as Epistrophe cincta and E.triangulifera, according to Vockeroth, 1992)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974 // Rotheray & Gilbert (1989)

Dusek & Laska (1960a) // Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Dixon, 1960

Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1989)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Dussaix, 2013

Meliscaeva auricollis (Meigen), 1822

the larva and puparium are shown in colour by Dussaix (2013). Some of the literature references to description of the larva of this species are confused. According to Rotheray (1994) the larva of M.auricollis has a posterior respiratory process with a basal, sclerotised ring, which distinguishes it from the larva of M.cinctellus, where this ring is absent. However, according to Dixon (1960) it is the larva of M.cinctellus that has a basal, sclerotised ring to its posterior respiratory process, distinguishing it from the larva of M.auricollis, in which this ring is absent. Here, it is assumed that the determinations of Rotheray (1994) are correct and those of Dixon (1960) are incorrect, in which case the posterior respiratory process of the larva of M.auricollis is figured, in lateral view, by Dixon (1960), under the name M.cinstellus. Rotheray (1994) does not seem to be aware of the contradictions between the descriptions of the larva of M.auricollis provided by himself and Dixon (1960), because he quotes Dixon (1960) as the source of the information that M.auricollis has been reared from among aphids found on Sarrothamnus, which must relate to M.cinctellus if his definition of the larva of M.auricollis is correct. The larva of M.auricollis is aphid-feeding on trees (e.g. Castanea, Crataegus, Fagus), shrubs (e.g.Viburnum), lianas (e.g. Hedera) and tall herbaceous plants, including some crop species (Nicotiana, Triticum). It has also been found feeding on psyllids (Aphalaridae: Homoptera) on olive trees (Olea) by Rojo et al (1999), where larval development can take only 2 weeks and the adult hatches after a puparial phase lasting only 8-9 days. Dussaix (2013) reports puparial duration as 17 days. Jones (2001) reports rearing M.auricollis from Pemphigus (Aphididae) galls on Populus. The larva of this species may be separated from the larva of M.cinctella in the keys provided by Rotheray (1994). Kula (1982) records larvae of this species as overwintering among leaf litter on the floor of spruce (Picea) forest. Egg: Chandler (1968).

Dussaix, 2013

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974 // Rotheray & Gilbert (1989)

Scott (1939)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Scott (1939)

Scott (1939)

Dussaix (2013)

Meliscaeva cinctella (Zetterstedt), 1843

assuming that the definitions of the larvae of Meliscaeva species incorporated into Rotheray's (1994) keys are correct, the description of the larva of this species provided by Dixon (1960) relates to M.auricollis, and her description of the larva of M.auricollis relates to M.cinctellus (see also notes relating to the larva of M.auricollis, in the account of that species). Branquart (1999) provides extensive information on the developmental stages of this species under laboratory conditions, and shows that development time (from egg-laying to eclosion of adult) can be as little as 4 weeks. The larva is aphid feeding, on bushes, shrubs, for example Sarrothamnus - Dixon (1960) as M.auricollis - and trees, e.g. Fagus; Kula (1982) records larvae of this species as overwintering among leaf litter on the floor of spruce (Picea) forest.

Dixon, 1960

Scott (1939)

Scott (1939)

Merodon aberrans Egger, 1860

not described.

Merodon aeneus Meigen, 1822
= M. aureus

puparium described and figured by Preradovic et al (2018), collected from within the soil, in the vicinity of bulbs of Ornithogalum umbellatum, but where bulbs of Muscari and Gagea species and corms of Crocus, were also present. Merodon aeneus is frequently found in localities where Ornithogalum is absent and more often found where Crocus is present, so more direct information on which of these plants hosts its larvae would be useful.

Preradovic et al (2018)

Merodon abruzzensis (van der Goot), 1969

not described.

Merodon adriaticus Veselić, Vujić & Radenković, 2017

not described.

Merodon aeneus Meigen, 1822

not described.

Merodon alagoezicus Paramonov, 1925

not described.

Merodon albifasciatus Macquart, 1842

not described.

Merodon albifrons Meigen, 1822

not described.

Merodon alexandri Popov, 2010

not described, but evidently bulb-feeding in Hyacinthaceae (Popov, 2010).

Merodon ambiguus Bradescu, 1986

not described.

Merodon analis Meigen, 1822

not described.
+Langlois D & Speight M. C. D. (2022)

Langlois D & Speight M. C. D. (2022)

Merodon andriotes Vujić, Radenković & Šašić, in Radenković et al, 2018

not described.

Merodon annulatus (Fabricius), 1794

not described.

Merodon antonioi Marcos-García, Vujíc & Mengual, 2007

not described.

Merodon armipes Rondani, 1843

not described. This species is apparently associated with the tassel hyacinth, Muscari (Liliaceae) in southern Germany (Doczkal, pers. comm.). Ornithogalum is almost certainly an alternative host.

Merodon arundanus Marcos-García, Vujíc & Mengual, 2007

not described.

Merodon atratus (Oldenberg), 1919

not described.

Merodon atricapillatus Šašić, Ačanski & Vujić, in Šašić et al, 2018

not described.

Merodon aurifer Loew, 1862

not described.

Merodon auripes Sack, 1913

not described.

Merodon auronitens Hurkmans, 1993

not described.

Merodon avidus (Rossi), 1790 : M. avidus Taxon A sensu Milankov et al (2001)

the larva is described by Andrić et al (2014), who collected it from bulbs of Ornithogalum umbellatum and identified it using molecular taxonomic techniques, without rearing, using genetic data from adults of M. avidus. A more detailed description, again from larvae and puparia associated with Ornithogalum umbellatum, is provided by Preradovic et al (2018).

Preradovic et al, 2018

Andric et al., 2014

Andric et al., 2014

Preradovic et al, 2018

Merodon balkanicus Šašić, Ačanski & Vujić, in Šašić et al, 2016

not described.

Merodon bessarabicus Paramonov, 1924

not described.

Merodon cabanerensis Marcos-García, Vujíc & Mengual, 2007

not described.

Merodon caerulescens Loew, 1869

not described.

Merodon calcaratus (Fabricius), 1794

not described, but Van Eck (2016a) provides circumstantial evidence suggesting the larval host plant could be Scilla autumnalis.

Merodon caudatus Sack, 1913

not described.

Merodon chalybeatus Sack, 1913

not described.

Merodon chalybeus Wiedemann in Meigen, 1822

not described.

Merodon cinereus (Fabricius), 1794

undescribed, but very probably associated with spring-flowering Crocus.

Merodon clavipes (Fabricius), 1781

not described.

Merodon clunipes Sack, 1913

not described.

Merodon confusus Marcos-García, Vujić, Ricarte & Ståhls, 2011

not described.

Merodon constans (Rossi), 1794

not described. The developmental described and figured by Ricarte et al (2008) as those of M. constans are shown by Andric et al (2014) to belong to the N African species M. hurkmansi. Circumstantial evidence suggests the larvae of M. constans may be associated with Colchicum.

+J.J. Orengo-Green, A. Ricarte, M. Hauser et al., 2024

J.J. Orengo-Green, A. Ricarte, M. Hauser et al., 2024

J.J. Orengo-Green, A. Ricarte, M. Hauser et al., 2024

J.J. Orengo-Green, A. Ricarte, M. Hauser et al., 2024

Merodon crassifemoris Paramonov, 1925

not described.

Merodon crypticus Marcos-García, Vujíc & Mengual, 2007

not described.

Merodon cupreus Hurkmans, 1993

not described.

Merodon desuturinus Vujic, Simic, & Radenkovic, 1995

not described.

Merodon distinctus Palma, 1863

not described.

Merodon dobrogensis Bradescu, 1982

not described. This species seems to have a close relationship with Prospero autumnale, with which its larvae may be associated.

Merodon dzhalitae Paramonov, 1927

not described.

Merodon eques (Fabricius), 1805

not described, but reared from Narcissus by Hurkmans and De Goffau (1995) and Pehlivan and Akbulut (1991).

Merodon equestris (Fabricius), 1794

larva described and figured by Hodson (1932b) and Heiss (1938) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994); internal feeder in tissues of bulbs of Amaryllidaceae; regarded as a minor pest of horticulture e.g.in the culture of Narcissus. A comprehensive survey of the literature on the biology of M.equestris is provided by Barkemeyer (1994).

Colorado Insect of Interest

Rotheray (1994)

Smith, 1989

Morgan, 1970

Dusek & Laska (1961) // Dusek & Laska (1960a) and Heiss, 1938 and Hennig, 1952

Dusek & Laska (1961) // Ricarte et al (2008)

Rotheray & Gilbert, 2011

Stuke, 20000

Dusek & Laska (1961)

Dusek & Laska (1961)

Doucette et al, 1942

Merodon erivanicus Paramonov, 1925

not described.

Merodon erymanthius Vujić, Ačanski & Šašić, in Radenković et al, 2018

not described.

Merodon escorialensis Strobl, 1909

not described.

Merodon euri Vujić & Radenković, in Radenković et al, 2018

not described.

Merodon femoratoides Paramonov, 1925

not described.

Merodon femoratus Sack, 1913

= M. biarcuatus

= M. elegans

not described.

Merodon flavicornis (Macquart), 1842

not described.

Merodon flavus Sack, 1913

not described, but very probably associated with Narcissus.

Merodon funestus (Fabricius), 1794

not described.

Merodon gallicusVujić & Radenković, 2012

not described.

Merodon geniculatus Strobl, 1909

the puparium is described and figured by Ricarte et al (2017), who reared a series of specimens from bulbs of various species of Narcissus: N. dubius, N. rupicola, N. tazetta and N. triandrus ssp. pallidulus, all of which were collected from the field. Circumstantial evidence suggests one potential plant host for the larva of this species is the yellow autumn crocus Sternbergia lutea.

Ricarte et al., (2017)

Ricarte et al., (2017)

Merodon haemorrhoidalis Sack, 1913

not described.

Merodon hakkariensis Vujić & Radenković, in Vujić et al, 2013

not described.

Merodon hamifer Sack, 1913

not described.

Merodon hayati Hurkmans in Hurkmans & Hayat, 1997

not described.

Merodon hikmeti Hurkmans in Hurkmans & Hayat, 1997

not described.

Merodon hoplitis Hurkmans, in Vujić et al, 2012

not described.

Merodon hypochrysos Hurkmans, 1993

not described.

Merodon ibericus Vujíc, in Popović et al, 2015

not described.

Merodon ilgazense Vujić, Marcos-Garcia, Saribiyik & Ricarte, 2011

not described.

Merodon italicus Rondani, 1845 .

not described

Merodon kopensis Vujìc & Hayat, 2015

not described.

Merodon lamellatus Vujić & Radenković, in Vujić et al, 2012

not described.

Merodon latifemoris Radenković & Vujić, in Radenković et al, 2011

not described.

Merodon legionensis Marcos-García, Vujíc & Mengual, 2007

not described.

Merodon loewi van der Goot, 1964

not described, but probably associated with Ornithogalum (Hurkmans, 1988).

Merodon longispinus Marcos-García, Vujíc & Mengual, 2007

not described.

Merodon lucasi Hurkmans, 1993

not described.

Merodon luteihumerus Marcos-García, Vujíc & Mengual, 2007

developmental stages described and figured by Ricarte et al (2008), from larvae collected in healthy bulbs of sea squill, Urginea maritima – the larvae of this species are apparently phytophagous, rather than saprophagous.

Ricarte et al (2008)

Ricarte et al (2008)

Merodon luteofasciatus Vujić, Radenković & Ståhls, in Vujić et al, 2018

not described, but larva reared from “Amaryllis” (Vujić et al, 2018a).

Merodon luteomaculatus Vujić, Ačanski & Šašić, in Radenković et al, 2018

not described.

Merodon manicatus (Sack), 1938

not described.

Merodon mariae Hurkmans, 1993

not described.

Merodon megavidus Vujić & Radenković, in Ačanski et al, 2016

not described.

Merodon minutus Strobl, 1893

not described.

Merodon moenium (Wiedemann), 1822

undescribed, but seemingly with a number of alternative plant hosts occurring in different biotopes. Reemer and Goudsmits (2004) observed a female of “M.avida” ovipositing on the leaves of a flowering plant of Muscari, which could be one host plant.

Merodon nanus (Sack), 1931

not described.

Merodon natans (Fabricius), 1794

not described.

Merodon naxius Vujić & Šašić, in Radenković et al, 2018

not described.

Merodon neofasciatus Ståhls & Vujić, in Vujić et al, 2018

not described, but reared from bulbs of Narcissus species and probably Sternbergia species (as “Amaryllis”) (Vujić et al, 2018a).

Merodon neolydicus Vujić, in Vujić, Radenković & Likov, 2018

not described.

Merodon neonanus Vujić & Taylor, in Vujić et al, 2015

not described.

Merodon nigripodus Vujić & Hayat, in Vujić et al, 2012

not described.

Merodon nigritarsis Rondani, 1845

not described, but reared from the steppe hyacinth Hyacinthella pallasiana by Stepanenko and Popov (1997). The larva is strictly phytophagous (i.e. it feeds on healthy bulbs), apparently requires only one bulb to complete its development and overwinters as a larva, free in the soil. There is circumstantial evidence to suggest that Muscari racemosum can also act as a larval host for this species.

Merodon nisi Veselić, Vujić & Radenković, 2017

not described.

Merodon nitidifrons Hurkmans, 1993

not described.

Merodon obscuritarsis Strobl in Czerny, 1909

not described.

Merodon obstipus Vujić, Radenković & Likov, in Likov et al, 2019

not described.

Merodon oidipous Hurkmans, 1993

not described.

Merodon ottomanus Hurkmans, 1993

not described.

Merodon ovaloides Vujić & Radenković, in Vujić et al, 2012

not described.

Merodon papillus Vujić, Radenković and Pérez-Bañon , in Vujić et al, 2007

not described.

Merodon parietum Wiedemann in Meigen, 1822

not described.

Merodon peloponnesius Vujić, Radenković, Ačanski & Šašić, in Radenković et al, 2018

not described.

Merodon planiceps Loew, 1862

not described.

Merodon ponticus Vujić & Radenković, in Vujić et al, 2012

not described.

Merodon portschinskyi Stackelberg, 1924

not described.

Merodon pruni (Rossi), 1790

not described.

Merodon pulveris Vujić & Radenković, in Radenković et al, 2011

not described.

Merodon pumilus Macquart in Lucas, 1849

not described.

Merodon puniceus Vujić, Radenković & Péres-Bañón, in Radenković et al , 2011

not described.

Merodon quadraticus Vujić & Radenković, in Vujić et al 2013

not described.

Merodon quadrinotatus (Sack), 1931

not described.

Merodon quercetorum Marcos-García, Vujíc & Mengual, 2007

not described.

Merodon rasicus Vujić & Radenković, in Vujić et al, 2015

not described.

Merodon robustus Veselić, Vujić & Radenković, 2017

not described.

Merodon rojoi Radenković & Vujić, in Šašić et al, 2019

not described.

Merodon rubidiventris Costa, 1884

not described.

Merodon ruficornis Meigen, 1822

not described.

Merodon rufipes Sack, 1913

not described.

Merodon rufus Meigen, 1838

a puparium without associated plant host data, but with the male insect that emerged from it, preserved in the collections of the Bavarian State Museum, in Munich, forms the basis of a description and figures of the puparium of this species, in Preradović et al (2018). This species is characteristically found in association with Anthericum liliago (Liliaceae), which must be considered a probable host plant

Preradovic et al, 2018

Merodon sapphous Vujić, Pérez-Bañon and Radenković, in Vujić et al, 2007

not described.

Merodon satdagensis Hurkmans, 1993

not described.

Merodon schachti Hurkmans, 1993

not described.

Merodon segetum (Fabricius), 1794

not described.

Merodon serrulatus Wiedemann in Meigen, 1822

not described.

Merodon spinitarsis Paramonov, 1929

not described.

Merodon splendens Hurkmans, 1993

not described.

Merodon taniniensis Hurkmans, 1993

not described.

Merodon telmateia Hurkmans, 1987

not described.

Merodon tener Sack, 1913

not described.

Merodon teruelensis (van der Goot), 1966

not described.

Merodon testaceoides Hurkmans, 1993

not described.

Merodon testaceus Sack, 1913

not described.

Merodon toscanus Hurkmans, 1993

not described.

Merodon trebevicensis Strobl, 1900

not described.

Merodon tricinctus Sack, 1913

not described.

Merodon trochantericus Costa, 1884

undescribed. It has been postulated that one of the larval host plants of this species is Scilla autumnalis

Merodon turcicus Vujić & Hayat, in Vujić et al, 2012

not described.

Merodon unguicornis Strobl in Czerny and Strobl, 1909

not described.

Merodon unicolor Strobl in Czerny & Strobl, 1909

not described.

Merodon vandergooti Hurkmans, 1993

not described.

Merodon velox Loew, 1869

not described.

Merodon virgatus Vujić & Radenković, in Šašić et al, 2016

not described.

Merodon vladimiri Vujić & Tubić, in Tubić et al, 2018

not described.

Merodon warnckei Hurkmans, 1993

not described.

Mesembrius peregrinus (Loew), 1846

not described.

Microdon analis (Macquart), 1842

the larval hosts of this species have until recently been given as ants of the genera Formica and Lasius. However, Schmid (2004a) points out that two cryptic Microdon species have been confused under the name M.analis, one (M.major) apparently associated with ants of the genus Formica, the other (M.analis) with Lasius species. In the detailed description of the larva and puparium of “M.eggeri” provided by Hartley (1961) there is no reference to the ants with which the described Microdon developmental stages occurred. However, from the information supplied by Schmid (2004a) it can be concluded that Hartley's (1961) description is not based on M.major. Barr (1995) explicitly states that his observations of “M.eggeri” larvae were based on nests of Formica lemani. But re-examination of Barr’s Microdon material shows that, whatever it is, it is not M.major. Available information suggests that when M.analis occurs in nests of ants of the genus Lasius, it may only occur with L.platythorax, a recently-recognised segregate of L.niger, an ant that normally nests in rotten wood (and hence occurs in forested locations). The mature larva, which occurs superficially in ants' nests just prior to pupariation in April, is more easily found than the adult insect. Similarly, the presence of this species can be detected by locating empty puparia in ants' nests. These empty puparia can persist for some months, at least. Larvae of M.analis can be distinguished from larvae of the other known European species except M.major by the keys in Doczkal & Schmid (1999). Developmental stages of M.analis and M.major can be distinguished using the features detailed by Schmid (2004a) and the key presented in the StN Keys volume may be used to separate the puparia of these two species.

Hartley (1961) M. eggeri

Dixon, 1960 M. eggeri

Rotheray (1994)

Reemer M, Stahls G (2013) Generic revision and species classification of the Microdontinae (Diptera, Syrphidae). ZooKeys 288: 14213. doi: 10.3897/Z00keys.288.4095 : M.analis = M.eggeri

Dussaix, 2013

Reemer et (2009)

Hartley (1961) // Hartley (1963)

Comme M. eggeri

Doczkal & Schmid (1999) ; Schmid, 2004a

Barr (1995) M. eggeri

Scarparo et al. (2020)

Hartley (1961)

Andries (1912) & Schmid, 2004 Comme M. eggeri

Scarparo et al. (2020): Anterior spiracular tubercles of puparia

Dussaix et al (2007)

Dussaix, 2013

Microdon devius (L.), 1761

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1991) and puparium figured in colour by Rotheray (1994), from larvae collected from nests of the ant Lasius flavus. Distinguished from larvae of the other 3 European species by the keys in Doczkal & Schmid (1999).

Rotheray (1994)

Dixon, 1960

Doczkal & Schmid (1999)

Scarparo et al. (2020)

Rotheray (1991)

Scarparo et al. (2020): Anterior spiracular tubercles of puparia

Scarparo et al. (2020)

Microdon major Andries, 1912

the information currently available (see Schmid, 2004) suggests that the larva of M.major occurs with ants of the genera Formica and Lasius. Schmid (2004) confirmed occurrence with the "red" Formica rufa group species F.exsecta, F.rufa and F.sanguinea and also with the "black" species F.fusca. In contrast, the closely-related M.analis appears to be associated primarily with Lasius species, notably L.platythorax. The differences between M.analis and M.major puparia, although small, are distinct, and can be recognised in Microdon puparia that have been collected complete with their posterior spiracular processes. Re-examination of such puparia, with which specimens of the associated ant host have been maintained, demonstrates clearly that M.major-type puparia can be found with Formica fusca and F.sanguinea, whereas M.analis-type puparia are found with L.platythorax. The habitat range of M.major must remain poorly defined until more bred material is available. Dussaix et al (2007) record empty puparia of M.major from an abandoned ants’ nest in a tree stump (tree species unknown) in a large area of acidic flush vegetation being invaded by conifers. Features distinguishing the developmental stages of M.major and M.analis are detailed by Schmid (2004a). The general appearance of M.analis/M.major larvae is shown in the coloured illustration (as M.eggeri) provided by Rotheray (1994). Photographs of the puparia of M.analis and M.major are provided by Dussaix et al (2007).

Schmid, 2004

Andries (1912) // Schmid, 2004 comme Microdon eggeri var. major

Dussaix et al (2007)

Microdon miki Doczkal & Schmid, 1999

larval mouthparts and puparium described and figured by Doczkal & Schmid (1999). The larva has been found in association with mound-building ants of the Formica rufa group (probably F.lugubris). Distinguished from larvae of the other 3 European species by the keys in Doczkal & Schmid (1999).

Doczkal & Schmid (1999)

Doczkal et al, 2016

Doczkal & Schmid (1999)

Doczkal & Schmid (1999)

Microdon mutabilis (L.), 1758

larva described and figured by Andries (1912); some features redefined by Schönrogge et al (2002a); mouthparts figured by Barr (1995) and Doczkal & Schmid (1999); general form of the puparium shown in colour by Rotheray (1994). Many beautiful illustrations of the morphology of the developmental stages of M. mutabilis are provided by Scarparo et al (2017). Dixon's (1960) description and figures of M.mutabilis developmental stages are erroneous. The larva lives as a predator of ant larvae in nests of Formica lemani (Schönrogge et al (2002a), Formica cunicularia (Van de Meutter, 2015; Scarparo et al, 2017) and Formica cinerea. Also, M. mutabilis probably lives with Lasius niger, though the latter ant host requires confirmation. Barr (1995) notes that the larvae feed mostly at night, while the ants are inactive. Schönrogge et al (2006) establish that, under laboratory conditions, the larvae of M. mutabilis feed preferentially on the eggs and small larvae of their host ant and take 2 years to complete larval development. The keys to larvae of Microdon species provided in Rotheray (1994) and Doczkal & Schmid (1999) were produced prior to recognition of the cryptic species M. myrmicae. Schönrogge et al (2002a) provide features distinguishing the larva and puparium of M.mutabilis sensu Schönrogge et al (2002a,b) from larvae and puparia of M.myrmicae. The StN Keys to Species volume includes a key to the puparia of European Microdon species, including M. myrmicae.

Scarparo et al., 2017

Rotheray (1994)

Andries (1912) Like M. rhenanus

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Rotheray & Gilbert (2011)

Doczkal & Schmid (1999)

Schmid, 2004

Barr (1995)

Andries (1912)

Scarparo et al., 2017

Scarparo et al. (2020)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999

Schönrogge et al., 2002a

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Beuker, 2004

Andries (1912) M. mutabilis / M. rhenanus

Scarparo et al. (2020) : Anterior spiracular tubercles of puparia

Scarparo et al., 2017

Microdon myrmicae Schönrogge et al, 2002

larval and puparial features are figured by Schönrogge et al (2002a). Gammelmo and Aarvik (2007) provide high quality coloured photographs of the last instar larva, the puparium and the anterior spiracular processes of the puparium. Wolton (2011) similarly provides photographs of the egg, first instar larva and second instar larva. See StN Keys volume for a key separating the puparium of M.myrmicae from the puparia of other European Microdon species. Schönrogge et al (2002a) established that M.myrmicae lives in nests of the ant Myrmica scabrinodis, in wet situations (available information suggests that the ant occurs in a much wider range of habitats than M.myrmicae, though this situation could change as M.myrmicae becomes better known). The developmental stages of M.myrmicae have been found with this ant in tussocks of grasses (Molinia), moss (including Sphagnum), rush (Juncus) and sedge (Carex). A coloured photo of typical M.myrmicae habitat is provided by Gammelmo and Aarvik (2007). Apparently (Bonelli et al, 2011) M.myrmicae can occur with Myrmica vandeli Bondroit, which is parasitic upon M.scabrinodis and replaces it, such that erstwhile M.scabrinodis nests in wetland can quite rapidly become M.vandeli nests (Elmes et al, 2003). Stankiewicz (2003) confirms the occurrence of M.myrmicae with species of Myrmica other than M.scabrinodis, namely M.gallienii and M. rubra. Wolton (2011) also found M.myrmicae larvae in nests of Myrmica ruginodis. To this host list Tartally et al (2013) add Myrmica aloba Forel. Bonelli et al (2011) found that M.myrmicae can be equally abundant in nests of Myrmica gallienii and M.scabrinodis at localities where both ants occur. The second and third instar larvae are clearly predators of ant larvae (they evidently ignore eggs and pupae). But Wolton (2011) successfully fed first instar larvae on debris from within nest tunnels of M.scabrinodis, in the absence of ant brood, rearing one through to the second instar. The first instar M.myrmicae larvae were observed to ignore ant larvae. The puparia of M.myrmicae tend to be found in the uppermost galleries of the ant in the highest part of the nest, just below to outer layer of vegetation roofing the nest. The same Myrmica species used as hosts by Microdon myrmicae are used as hosts by the larvae of Maculinea (Lycaenidae: Lepidoptera) species. Witek et al (2013) demonstrate that co-habitation in Myrmica nests by Microdon and Maculinea larvae can occur without detriment to either brood predator, apparently because their larvae are exploiting the resources of the ants’ nest at different times of the year.

Gammelmo & Aarvik, 2007

Witek et al., 2012

Neumeyer & Dobler Gross, 2012

Schmid, 2004

Scarparo et al. (2020)

Beuker, 2004

Schönrogge et al., 2002a

Scarparo et al. (2020) : Anterior spiracular tubercles of puparia

Gammelmo & Aarvik, 2007

Neumeyer & Dobler Gross, 2012

Beuker, 2014

Milesia crabroniformis (Fabricius), 1775

Matile and Leclercq (1992) described what they believed to be the puparium of this species, collected from debris in an old Fagus. However, Maibach (pers.comm.) has pointed out that the puparium they figure appears to be that of a species of Eristalini. Indeed, it resembles the puparium of Mallota cimbiciformis. Certainly, its characteristics do not conform to those of the larva of another Milesia species, M.virginiensis, as figured in colour by Rotheray (1994). The female of M.crabroniformis has been seen ovipositing in the bark at the base of an old, living Quercus that was largely hollow and filled with a metre of tree humus.

+ Orengo-Green J.J. et al. (2023)

Orengo-Green J.J. et al. (2023)

Milesia semiluctifera (Villers), 1798

not described.

Myathropa florea (L.), 1758

larva described and figured by Hartley (1961) and Rotheray (1994) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994); puparium illustrated in colour by Dussaix (2013); larva aquatic, frequent in standing-water rot-holes and in water-filled hollows among tree-roots, on tree stumps or at the junction between major branches and trunk, from ground level to high in the tree (at least 10m). The larva has been found in association with various deciduous trees, including Alnus, Betula, Castanea, Fagus, Populus and Quercus, and especially with Fagus, but also with conifers, e.g. Pinus sylvestris (Dussaix, 2005b). Larvae can also develop in wet cow dung and compost heaps. Whether the species can also use silage effluent and/or manure heaps is uncertain. Although larval development can be rapid (some months only) it may take two or more years. Larval biology of this species is reviewed by Rotheray (1994). Greig (1989) provides details of overwintering by Myathropa larvae, suggesting their main cause of mortality is the drying-up of many rot-holes toward the end of the winter. Dussaix (2013) observes that duration of the puparial phase is more than 3 weeks, for puparia derived from overwintering larvae, but 2 weeks for puparia from non-overwintering larvae. Sánchez-Galván et al (2014) show that successful development of larvae of M. florea in a trunk cavity can be enhanced by the presence there of the faeces of saproxylic Coleoptera.

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray (1994)

Dusek, J. & Laska, P. (1959)

Reemer et (2009)

Hartley (1961)

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Dusek & Laska (1960a) // Hartley (1961)

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dussaix, 2013

Myathropa usta (Wollaston), 1859

undescribed, but most probably like M. florea, aquatic in standing-water, rot-holes and in water-filled hollows among tree roots (J.T.Smit, pers.comm.).

Myolepta difformis Strobl in Czerny & Strobl, 1909

larval and puparial features are described and figured by Ricarte et al (2007), from material collected from water-containing rot-holes in the trunk of ancient, live Fraxinus angustifolia along the edge of a river within Quercus pyrenaica forest. Sánchez-Galván et al (2014) provide information suggesting that a pre-requisite for development of larvae of M. difformis in a trunk cavity may be the presence there of larvae of saproxylic beetles, citing the Iberian saproxylic cetoniid Cetonia aurataeformis, whose faeces are known to be rich in accessible nutrients (Micó et al, 2011).

Ricarte et al, 2007

Ricarte et al, 2007

Myolepta dubia (Fabricius), 1805 = M. luteola

larva described and figured by Dusek and Laska (1960), based on larvae from a wet tree hole in Populus italica; described and figured by Hartley (1961) from larvae collected in a small, wet rot hole in the trunk of an overmature Fagus; also reared from a water-filled rot-hole in the trunk of a live Fagus by Dussaix (1997a); illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994); puparium shown in colour by Dussaix (2013). Larvae have also been found May in a water-filled cavity beneath the bark of the trunk of a mature Acer, larvae of three distinct sizes being found together, indicating that this species requires more than one year to complete its development. This species overwinters as a larva. Dussaix (2013) reports that duration of the puparial phase is two and a half weeks.

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray (1994)

Dusek & Laska (1960b)

Hartley (1961)

Dusek & Laska (1960b) // Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Hartley (1961) // Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Rotheray & Gilbert, 2011

Dusek & Laska (1960b)

Hartley (1961)

Dusek & Laska (1960b)

Dussaix, 1913

Myolepta nigritarsis Coe 1957

not described; the female has been observed investigating a small sap run on the trunk of Quercus ithaburensis.

Myolepta obscura Becher, 1882

described (and compared with the larva of probably M.dubia), from a larva collected in a wet tree hole in Populus, by Becher (1882); larval and puparial features redescribed and figured by Ricarte et al (2007), from material reared from a water-filled rot-hole in the trunk of an ancient, live Fraxinus angustifolia.

Ricarte et al., 2007

Myolepta potens (Harris), 1776

described and figured by Rotheray (1991), from larvae collected from a rot-hole at the base of Fagus.

Rotheray (1991)

Myolepta trojana Reemer, Hauser and Speight, 2005

not described.

Myolepta vara (Panzer), 1798

larval features are described and figured by Svivova et al (1999), who reared M.vara from wet rot-holes in old, live Ulmus pumila. The species has also been reared from a tree-humous filled cavity in the trunk of a recently-felled Quercus by Dussaix (1997b), who illustrates the puparium.

Svivova et al (1999)

Dussaix, 1997

Neoascia annexa (Muller), 1776

larva described and figured by Maibach and Goeldlin (1993), from larvae and puparia collected from water-sodden vegetable debris beside streams in Fagus/Picea forest.

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1993

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1993

Neoascia balearensis Kassebeer, 2002

not described.

Neoascia geniculata (Meigen), 1822

= N. floralis

larva and puparium apparently described and figured by Lundbeck (1916), but redescription is required, in comparison with the developmental stages of other Neoascia species.

Lundbeck (1916)

Lundbeck (1916)

Neoascia interrupta (Meigen), 1822

features of the larva and puparium are described and figured by Kuznetzov and Kuznetzova (1994), but without any information on larval biology or habitat.

Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1994)

Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1994)

Neoascia meticulosa (Scopoli), 1763

larvae and puparia described and figured by Hartley (1961) and Maibach and Goeldlin (1993); aquatic; may be found beneath the outer leaves of rotting Typha stems, below the water surface.

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1993

Hartley (1961) // Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1993

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1993

Neoascia obliqua Coe, 1940

undescribed, but Reemer et al (2009) report that larvae of N.obliqua have been found in stems of Petasites hybridus, in tunnels made by larvae of another syrphid, Cheilosia canicularis.

Neoascia pavlovskii Stackelberg, 1955

not described.

Neoascia podagrica (Fabricius), 1775

larva figured in colour by Bartsch et al (2009a) and Dussaix (2013); described and figured by Hartley (1961) and Maibach and Goeldlin (1993) from larvae in cow dung and compost; sub-aquatic, occurring in cow-dung, slurry and dung-enriched mud etc; recorded by Dusek and Laska (1962) living with larvae of Cheilosia canicularis in roots of Petasites species, though there must be some doubt as to whether this records refers to N.obliqua (see under N.obliqua). Puparium shown in colour by Dussaix (2013), who also notes that the puparial phase lasts for 1-2 weeks.

Rotheray (1994)

Dusek & Laska (1962)

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1993

Dussaix, 2013

Bartsch et al (2009)

Dusek & Laska (1962)

Rotheray (1994) // Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Dusek & Laska (1962)

Hartley (1961)

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1993

Hartley (1961) // Dusek & Laska (1962)

Dusek & Laska (1962)

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1993

Dussaix (site web)

Neoascia subannexa Claussen & Hayat, 1997

not described.

Neoascia subchalybea Curran, 1925

not described.

Neoascia tenur (Harris), 1780

larvae and puparia described and figured by Maibach and Goeldlin (1993), from puparia collected at around the level of the water-surface, within stem sheaths of dead Typha, in a slow-moving stream.

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1993

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1993

Neoascia unifasciata (Strobl), 1898

not described.

Neocnemodon brevidens (Egger), 1865

not described.

Neocnemodon fulvimanus (Zetterstedt), 1843

not described.

Neocnemodon larusi (Vujić), 1999

not described.

Neocnemodon latitarsis (Egger), 1865

larva described and figured by Dusek and Laska (1960); found by Laska and Stary (1980) feeding on aphids on Abies, Malus, Populus and Ulmus.

Dusek & Laska (1960)

Dusek & Laska (1960)

Dusek & Laska (1960b)

Dusek & Laska (1960)

Dusek & Laska (1960)

Neocnemodon pubescens (Delucchi & Pschorn-Walcher), 1955

undescribed, but Kula (1980) records the larva of this species as overwintering on the forest floor in Picea forest.

Neocnemodon verrucula (Collin), 1931

not described.

Neocnemodon vitripennis (Meigen), 1822 = C. dreyfusiae

larva predatory on adelgid plant bugs; described and figured by Delucchi et al (1957), from larvae collected on Abies. The species has also been reared from larvae found feeding on coccids on Populus and aphids on Malus (Evenhuis, 1959). The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).

Delucchi et al (1957)

Orthonevra auritarsis Bradescu, 1992

not described.

Orthonevra brevicornis Loew, 1843

larva described and figured by Maibach and Goeldlin (1994); illustrated in colour (apparently from a preserved specimen) by Rotheray (1994). Nötzold (2000) records collection of an individual of this species from an emergence trap installed in a reed bed.

Rotheray (1994)

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1994

Hartley (1961)

Orthonevra elegans (Meigen), 1822

not described.

Orthonevra erythrogona (Malm), 1863

larva not described, but has been found in wet mud containing a high proportion of dung and plant remains.

Orthonevra frontalis (Loew), 1843

not described.

Orthonevra gemmula Violovitsh, 1979

not described.

Orthonevra geniculata (Meigen), 1830

larva not described, but almost certainly associated with springs and wet flushes.

Orthonevra intermedia Lundbeck, 1916

not described.

Orthonevra montana Vujić, 1999

not described.

Orthonevra nobilis (Fallen), 1817

larva described and figured by Maibach and Goeldlin (1994), associated with springs and flushes, where it occurs in wet, organically-enriched mud.

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1994

Orthonevra onytes (Seguy), 1961

larva described and figured by Maibach and Goeldlin (1994); found among plant roots beside seepages in unimproved alpine grassland.

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1994

Orthonevra plumbago (Loew), 1840

not described.

+ Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1994)

Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1994)

Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1994)

Orthonevra shusteri Bradescu, 1993

not described.

Orthonevra stackelbergi Thompson & Torp, 1982

not described.

Palumbia bellieri (Bigot), 1860

not described.

Palumbia eristaloides (Portschinsky), 1887

not described.

Paragus abrogans Goeldlin, 1971

not described.

Paragus absidatus Goeldlin, 1971

both larva and puparium are described – the larva is also figured - by Rotheray and Sarthou (2007), from larvae found on Gentiana punctata in subalpine grassland. This species has also been reared from larvae found on Epilobium and Cirsium in subalpine grassland (P.Goeldlin, pers.comm.).

Rotheray & Sarthou (2007)

Paragus albifrons (Fallen), 1817

larva described and figured by Goeldlin (1974) from larvae collected on Cirsium arvense; also found on Carduus and Onopordon by Marcos-Garcia (1981, 1985). Torp (1994) mentions Ononis repens as another plant on which P.albifrons larvae have been found. In the list provided by Rojo and Marcos-Garcia (1998) Daucus and Tragopogon are also given.

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Paragus albipes Gimmerthal, 1842

not described.

Paragus altomontanus Van de Weyer, 2010

not described.

Paragus ascoensis Goeldlin, 1981

not described.

Paragus atlasi Claussen, 1989

not described.

Paragus azureus Hull, 1949

not described.

Paragus bicolor (Fabricius), 1794

larva not described, but apparently reared from among aphids on Rumex (Gomes, 1981). + Heiss, 1938 + Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Heiss, 1938

Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Heiss, 1938

Paragus bradescui Stanescu, 1981

not described.

Paragus cinctus Schiner & Egger, 1853

not described.

Paragus coadunatus Rondani, 1847

not described.

Paragus compeditus Wiedemann, 1830

not described.

Paragus constrictus Simic, 1986

undescribed, but has been found on Hypochoeris radicata (Bartsch et al, 2009).

Paragus faesi Van de Weyer, 2000

not described.

Paragus finitimus Goeldlin, 1971

not described.

Paragus flammeus Goeldlin, 1971

not described.

Paragus glumaci Vujic, Simic & Radenkovic, 1999

not described.

Paragus haemorrhous Meigen, 1822

larva aphid feeding on Rubus and various herbaceous plants, e.g. Calendula, Digitalis and Sonchus (Dussaix, 2013) plus some crops (at least in southern Europe), such as Beta, Cynara and Vicia species (Rojo and Marcos-Garcia, 1998); described and figured by Goeldlin (1974), from a larva collected on Knautia. The larva is of this species is also illustrated in colour (from a preserved specimen) by Rotheray (1994) and (from living material) by Bartsch et al (2009a) and Dussaix (2013). The larva described by Dixon (1960) as that of P.tibialis (Fall.) is the larva of P.haemorrhous. The puparium is shown in colour by Dussaix (2013), who also reports that duration of the puparial phase is 10 days. Mizuno et al (1997) present data showing that P. haemorrhous larvae specialise in predation of aphids that are protected by ants (Lasius niger), which deter more generalist aphidophagous syrphid larvae.

Dussaix, 2013

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Dussaix (site web)

Paragus hermonensis Kaplan, 1981

Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Paragus hyalopteri Marcos-Garcia & Rojo, 1994

larval biology indicated by Marcos-Garcia and Rojo (1994) and Rojo and Marcos-Garcia (1998); feeds on aphids on fruit trees of the genus Prunus and on Arundo and Phragmites.

Paragus kopdagensis Hayat & Claussen, 1997

not described.

Paragus majoranae Rondani, 1857

not described.

Paragus medeae Stanescu, 1991

not described.

Paragus oltenicus Stanescu, 1977

not described.

Paragus pecchiolii Rondani, 1857
="P. majoranae"

larva described and figured (under the name P.majoranae) by Goeldlin (1974), who found larvae on legumes, Hedera and Prunus. Rojo and Marcos-Garcia (1998) record the rearing this species (as P.majoranae) from larvae collected among aphids on various crops (Beta, Cynara, Vicia, Zea mays) and on Carduus, Lavatera and Rumex. Dussaix (2013) records rearing the species from larvae found on Viola and Symphytum and provides coloured photos of both larva and puparium. Duration of the puparial phase is 8 days (Dussaix (2013).

Dussaix, 2013

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Dussaix, 2013

Paragus punctulatus Zetterstedt, 1838

not described, but quite possibly associated with dwarf shrubs, to judge from the habits of the adult flies.

Paragus quadrifasciatus Meigen, 1822

larva described and figured by Goeldlin (1974); recorded from among aphids on various, mostly low-growing, plants: Centaurea, Cichorium, Leontodon autumnalis, Onopordon, but also from Rubus and Sonchus. According to Marcos-Garcia (1983), development from the time an egg is laid to hatching of the puparium takes only 4 weeks in this species. Dussaix (2013) records duration of the puparial phase as between 8 and 20 days, the shorter puparial phase being exhibited by puparia from summer larvae. Dussaix (2005b) observed that the larva can overwinter.

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Dussaix, 2013

Paragus romanicus Stanescu, 1992

not described.

Paragus sexarcuatus Bigot, 1862

not described.

Paragus strigatus Meigen, 1822

not described.

Paragus tibialis (Fallen), 1817

larva not described, but information on the biology of the aphid-feeding larva is provided by Marcos-Garcia (1981), who reared the species from eggs and larvae collected from Carduus and Onorpodon. Torp (1984) also reports finding larvae on Hypochoeris. Rojo and Marcos-Garcia (1998) report rearing the species from larvae collected among aphids on crops of Foeniculum vulgare, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Medicago sativa. A list of plants on which S. rueppellii larvae have been found in the wild is furnished by Rojo et al (2003). The list includes various tall composites and umbellifers, plus some shrubs (Cistus, Prunus spinosa). Generation time in southern Europe is only 3 weeks (Marcos-Garcia, 1981). + Dixon, 1960 + Heiss, 1938

Heiss, 1938

Dixon, 1960

Heiss, 1938

Heiss, 1938

Paragus vandergooti Marcos-Garcia, 1986

not described.

Parasyrphus annulatus (Zetterstedt), 1838

larva not described, but reported by Bartsch et al (2009a) as found feeding on aphids on Abies spp. Curiously, Kula (1982) records larvae of P.annulatus as hibernating in the leaf litter of spruce (Picea) forest, though he reports no records of the larvae of this species among syrphid larvae collected from spruce foliage, which he investigated in another part of this same study. Bastian (1986) also records larvae from Picea.

Parasyrphus groenlandicus (Nielsen), 1910

not described.

Parasyrphus kirgizorum (Peck), 1969

not described.

Parasyrphus lineolus (Zetterstedt), 1843

larva described and figured by Goeldlin (1974); aphid feeding; Kula (1982) has established that the larvae of this species occur in the crowns of spruce (Picea) and that a proportion overwinter on the forest floor, among leaf litter.

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Parasyrphus macularis (Zetterstedt), 1843

not described.

Parasyrphus malinellus (Collin), 1952

not described.

Parasyrphus nigritarsis (Zetterstedt), 1843

larva described and figured by Schneider (1953) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994); predatory on the larvae of chrysomelid beetles on trees and shrubs. The species has also been reared from larvae collected with Gastrophysa viridula on Rumex, in farmland (Rotheray and Hewitt, 1999). But it is a moot point whether P.nigritarsis larvae in such a location would under normal conditions ever complete their development – the farming practice of topping grassland to prevent seeding of aggressive weeds like Rumex would be expected to convert a Rumex stand into a population sink for syrphids like P.nigritarsis. Distinguished from larvae of related genera and some other (unspecified) Parasyrphus species in the keys provided by Rotheray (1994).

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray & Gilbert (2011)

Diapaused Larva

Foster R. (2020)

Schneider (1953)

Foster R. (2020)

Parasyrphus proximus Mutin, 1990

not described.

Parasyrphus punctulatus (Verrall), 1873

larva described, with its posterior spiracular processes illustrated, by Rotheray (1987), who collected larvae in December, from leaf litter beneath Acer pseudoplatanus. The larvae overwintered and produced adults in May of the following year. Rotheray (1987) also records finding larvae on Rosa sp. The larva is illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994). Chandler (1968) describes the egg. According to Barkemeyer (1994), this species overwinters as a puparium.

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1989)

Rotheray (1987)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1989)

Parasyrphus relictus (Zetterstedt), 1836

not described.

Parasyrphus tarsatus (Zetterstedt), 1838

not described.

Parasyrphus vittiger (Zetterstedt), 1843

larva described and figured by Goeldlin (1974) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994); aphid feeding; Kula (1982) records larvae of this species as found hibernating in leaf litter in spruce (Picea) forest. Larvae have been found on Abies, Fagus, Picea and Pinus.

Rotheray (1994)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Parhelophilus consimilis (Malm), 1863

not described.

Parhelophilus crococoronatus Reemer, 2000

not described.

Parhelophilus frutetorum (Fabricius), 1775

the larva and puparium are described and figured by Hartley (1961), from material collected from organic mud in a woodland pond.

Hartley (1961) and Dolezil (1972)

Hartley (1961)

Parhelophilus sibiricus (Stackelberg), 1924

not described.

Parhelophilus versicolor (Fabricius), 1794

larva described and figured by Hartley (1961), from larvae collected from decaying rhizomes of Typha, in a pond; aquatic.

Dolezil (1972)

Hartley (1961)

Pelecocera caledonica (Collin), 1940

not described, but apparently phytophagous.

+ Ståhls G (2024)

Ståhls G (2024)

Pelecocera lugubris Perris, 1839

(Pelecocera lusitanica (Mik), 1898)

not described, but apparently phytophagous.

Like P. lugubris
Orengo-Green, J.J.; Marcos-García, M.Á; Carstensen, L.B.; Ricarte, A. 2024

Orengo-Green, J.J.; Marcos-García, M.Á; Carstensen, L.B.; Ricarte, A. 2024

Pré-Pupe

Orengo-Green, J.J.; Marcos-García, M.Á; Carstensen, L.B.; Ricarte, A. 2024

Pelecocera nigricornis (Santos Abreu), 1924

not described.

Pelecocera pruinosomaculata Strobl, 1906

not described.

Pelecocera scaevoides (Fallen), 1817

not described, but apparently phytophagous.

Pelecocera tricincta Meigen, 1822

not described. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).

Ståhls G (2024); Orengo-Green, J.J.; Marcos-García, M.Á; Carstensen, L.B.; Ricarte, A. 2024

Second stage larva (L2)
Orengo-Green, J.J.; Marcos-García, M.Á; Carstensen, L.B.; Ricarte, A. 2024

Second stage larva (L2)
Orengo-Green, J.J.; Marcos-García, M.Á; Carstensen, L.B.; Ricarte, A. 2024

Ståhls G (2024)

Orengo-Green, J.J.; Marcos-García, M.Á; Carstensen, L.B.; Ricarte, A. 2024

Pipiza accola Violovitsh, 1985

not described. In Fennoscandia this species seems to be closely associated with Prunus padus.

Pipiza austriaca Meigen, 1822

larva and puparium figured in colour by Dussaix (2013); larva described and figured by Goeldlin (1974), from larvae collected on yellow gentian. Dussaix (2013) found the larvae of this species on Rumex, and observes that, at maturation, they go into a diapause for some weeks, before puparial formation. He records duration of the puparial phase as 8-9 days.

Dussaix, 2013

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Dussaix, 2013

Pipiza carbonaria Meigen, 1822

not described.

Pipiza fasciata Meigen, 1822

not described.

Pipiza festiva Meigen, 1822

larva described and figured by Dusek and Laska (1959), from larvae found feeding on gall-making aphids of the genus Pemphigus, on Populus; also found with gall-making aphids on Populus by Dussaix (2013). The larval biology is described by Rojo and Marcos-Garcia (1997), who found larvae on Populus, fruit trees (Prunus spp., Pyrus) and shrubs (Pistachio spp.). From oviposition to emergence of adults, development takes approximately 1.5 months, but may be interrupted by larval diapause. Overwintering also occurs in larval diapause. Dussaix (2013) records duration of the puparial phase as 2-3 weeks.

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dusek & Laska (1959) and Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dussaix, 2013

Pipiza laurusi Vujić & Ståhls, in Vujić et al, 2013

not described.

Pipiza lugubris Fabricius, 1775

not described.

Pipiza luteibarba Vujić, Radenković & Polić, 2008

not described.

Pipiza luteitarsis Zetterstedt, 1843

larva described, with various features figured, by Rotheray (1987), who found larvae on a number of occasions in June, in colonies of the leaf-curl aphid Schizoneura ulmi (L.), in leaf-curl galls on Ulmus glabra. Rotheray (2014) again records finding P. luteitarsis larvae with the same leaf-curl aphid on Ulmus glabra in 2010, remarking that the larva of this species “appears to develop exclusively on the aphid Schizoneura ulmi, on its primary host, the foliage of elms, Ulmus species”. Rotheray (1987) observed that the larvae went into diapause in July, overwintered as larvae, pupated in the following April and May and hatched as adults in May-June. The larva is illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994).

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray (1987)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1989)

Pipiza noctiluca L, 1758

larva aphid-feeding on tall herbs, bushes and shrubs up to 3m from the ground. Dussaix (2013) notes that, in what is probably this species, the mature larva undergoes a diapause of some weeks before formation of the puparium, and that duration of the puparial phase is approximately 2 weeks.

Dussaix, 2013

Pipiza notata Meigen, 1822 =P. bimaculata

undescribed, but Dussaix (2005b) reports rearing what may be this species from larvae collected on Prunus avium, with a leaf-rolling aphid.

+ Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dussaix, 2013

Pipiza quadrimaculata (Panzer), 1804

not described, but Kula (1982) records larvae as overwintering among leaf litter on the floor of spruce (Picea) forest. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).

Pipizella annulata (Macquart), 1829

undescribed, but larva found by Dussaix (1997a) among the roots of Heracleum, with aphids tended by ants. Dussaix (2013) provides more detail on the rearing of this species and coloured photos of both larva and puparium. He notes that all the larvae he found were on leaves of, or at the stem-base of , Heracleum plants, where both aphids and ants (genus not specified) were present. Puparial formation occurred at the stem-base. Larvae reaching maturity in the autumn remained at the stem-base, in diapause, throughout the winter. Dussaix (2013) records duration of the puparial phase as 12 days.

Dussaix, 2013

Dussaix, 2013

Pipizella antennata Violovitsh, 1981

not described.

Pipizella bayburtica Claussen & Hayat, 1997

not described.

Pipizella beckeri Bradescu, 1986

not described.

Pipizella bispina Simic, 1987

not described.

Pipizella brevis Lucas, 1977

not described.

Pipizella calabra (Goeldlin), 1974

not described.

Pipizella cantabrica Claussen, 1991

not described.

Pipizella caucasica Skufjin, 1976

not described.

Pipizella certa Violovitsch, 1981

not described.

Pipizella curvitibia Stackelberg, 1960

not described.

Pipizella divicoi (Goeldlin), 1974

not described.

Pipizella elegantissima Lucas, 1976

not described.

Pipizella kuznetzovi Van Steenis & Lucas, 2011

not described.

Pipizella lyneborgi Torp Pedersen, 1971

not described.

Pipizella maculipennis (Meigen), 1822

not described.

Pipizella mongolorum Stackelberg, 1952

not described.

Pipizella nataliae Kuznetzov, 1990

not described.

Pipizella nigriana (Séguy), 1961

not described.

Pipizella obscura Van Steenis & Lucas, 2011

not described.

Pipizella obscura Van Steenis & Lucas, 2011

not described.

Pipizella ochreobasalis Van Steenis & Lucas, 2011

not described.

Pipizella orientalis Van Steenis & Lucas, 2011

not described.

Pipizella pennina (Goeldlin), 1974

not described.

Pipizella sacculata Becker, 1921

not described.

Pipizella siciliana Nielsen & Torp, 1973

not described.

Pipizella speighti Verlinden, 1999

not described.

Pipizella thapsiana Kassebeer, 1995

not described.

Pipizella vandergooti Van Steenis & Lucas, 2011

not described.

Pipizella viduata (L.), 1758
= P. varipes

the larva is aphid-feeding, on root aphids of low-growing plants (e.g. umbellifers) and was probably that described by Dixon (1960) under the name P.varipes. The larva may be a quasi-commensal of ants, which tend root aphids. Egg: Chandler (1968).

+ Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Dixon, 1960

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Pipizella virens (Fabricius), 1805

larva not described, but believed to be a predator of root aphids on umbellifers.

Pipizella zeneggenensis (Goeldlin), 1974

not described.

Pipizella zloti Vujic, 1997

not described.

Platycheirus abruzzensis (van der Goot), 1969

not described.

Platycheirus aeratus Coquillet, 1900

not described.

Platycheirus albimanus (Fabricius), 1781

larva described and figured by Dixon (1960); aphid feeding, on various low-growing plants and bushes. Larvae have also been found on trees, such as Abies and Malus. Larvae were found by Maibach (1993) on Phragmites, where they rested aligned with the long axis of the stem. Egg: Chandler (1968).

Dixon, 1960

Platycheirus altomontis Merlin & Nielsen, in Nielsen, 2004

not described.

Platycheirus ambiguus (Fallen), 1817

larva described and figured by Dusek and Laska (1959) and Goeldlin (1974), aphidophagous on trees and shrubs, e.g. Malus, Prunus, Ribes; may be abundant on Prunus spinosa in hedges (Pollard et al, 1974).

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Platycheirus amplus Curran, 1927

not described.

Platycheirus angustatus (Zetterstedt), 1843

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1988a), from herb layer plants. Chambers et al (1986) refer to having collected larvae of this species from crops of winter wheat.

Rotheray (1988)

Platycheirus angustipes Goeldlin, 1974

larva described and figured by Goeldlin (1974), from larvae collected from emergent Carex and Phragmites around the edge of a small lake (P.Goeldlin, pers.comm.)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Platycheirus aurolateralis Stubbs, 2002

not described. Doczkal et al (2002) refer to a puparium, noting that it "has no conspicuous dark markings dorsally as is described for P. splendidus".

Platycheirus brunnifrons Nielsen, 2004

not described.

Platycheirus caesius Nielsen & Stuke, in Nielsen, 2004

not described.

Platycheirus chilosia (Curran), 1922

not described.

Platycheirus ciliatus Bigot, 1884

not described.

Platycheirus cintoensis van der Goot, 1961

not described.

Platycheirus clausseni Nielsen, 2004

not described.

Platycheirus clypeatus (Meigen), 1822

larva supposedly described and figured by Dixon (1960). Dziock (2002) reported that under laboratory conditions development (from egg-laying to hatching of adult) can take as little as 5-6 weeks in this species. Maibach (1993) found larvae of this species on foliage of Carex and Typha. Egg: Chandler (1968).

Dixon, 1960

Platycheirus complicatus (Becker), 1889

not described.

Platycheirus discimanus (Loew), 1871

not described.

Platycheirus europaeus Goeldlin, Maibach & Speight, 1990

not described.

Platycheirus fasciculatus Loew, 1856

not described.

Platycheirus fimbriatus (Loew, 1871)

not described.

Platycheirus fulviventris (Macquart), 1829

larva described and figured by Rotheray and Dobson (1987) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994); coloured photo of the puparium in Dussaix (2013). Larva aphid-feeding, on Carex, Phragmites and Typha. Dziock (2002) reported that under laboratory conditions development (from egg-laying to hatching of adult) can take as little as 7 weeks in this species. Dussaix recordes duration of the puparial phase as 1 week.

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray & Dobson (1987)

Dussaix, 2013

Platycheirus goeldlini Nielsen, 2004

not described.

Platycheirus groenlandicus Curran, 1927

not described.

Platycheirus hyperboreus (Staeger), 1845

according to Vockeroth (1992), the larvae of this species have been recorded as important predator of alfalfa and pea aphids in N America - this seems sufficiently unlikely to suggest that the N American and European material referred to this species may include more than one taxon.

Platycheirus immaculatus Ohara, 1980

not described.

Platycheirus immarginatus (Zetterstedt), 1849

not described. + Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Platycheirus islandicus Ringdahl, 1930

not described.

Platycheirus jaerensis Nielsen, 1971

larva not described, but Nielsen (pers.comm.) has observed the female ovipositing on the underside of leaves of Vaccinium uliginosus and has been able to rear the larvae through early instars using aphids as food.

Platycheirus kittilaensis Dusek & Láska, 1982

not described.

Platycheirus laskai Nielsen, 1999

not described.

Platycheirus latimanus (Wahlberg), 1845

not described.

Platycheirus lundbecki (Collin), 1931

not described.

Platycheirus magadanensis Mutin, 1999

not described.

Platycheirus manicatus (Meigen), 1822

larva described and figured by Goeldlin (1974); aphid feeding, on low-growing plants and bushes.

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Dixon, 1960

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Platycheirus marokkanus Kassebeer, 1998

not described.

Platycheirus melanopsis Loew, 1856

larva found by Goeldlin (pers.comm.) among aphid colonies on Cirsium in alpine grassland; larva and puparium described and figured by Rotheray (1997), from specimens found on Vaccinium and Blechnum.

Rotheray (1997)

Platycheirus meridimontanus Nielsen, 2004

not described.

Platycheirus modestus Ide, 1926

not described.

Platycheirus muelleri Marcuzzi, 1941

not described.

Platycheirus naso (Walker) 1849

not described.

Platycheirus nielseni Vockeroth, 1990

not described.

Platycheirus nigrofemoratus Kanervo, 1934

not described.

Platycheirus occultus Goeldlin, Maibach & Speight, 1990

not described.

Platycheirus parmatus Rondani, 1857
=P. ovalis

larva described and figured by Goeldlin (1974).

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Platycheirus peltatus (Meigen), 1822

available larval descriptions are unreliable, due to doubt about identity of the species involved. The larva is supposedly illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994).

+ Dusek & Laska (1960b) + Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Rotheray (1994)

Dusek & Laska (1960b)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Rotheray & Gilbert (1989)

Platycheirus perpallidus Verrall, 1901

larva aphidophagous; described and figured by Maibach and Goeldlin (1991a); occurs on water's edge plants such as Typha and Carex rostrata; overwinters on the lower parts of its plant host under water and may even be found beneath ice (A.Maibach, pers. comm.) when the surface water freezes.

Maibach & Goeldlin (1991a)

Heiss, 1938

Maibach & Goeldlin (1991a)

Platycheirus podagratus (Zetterstedt), 1838

larva not described, but illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994).

Rotheray (1994)

Platycheirus ramsarensis Goeldlin, Maibach & Speight, 1990

not described.

Platycheirus scambus (Staeger), 1843

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1988a).

Rotheray (1988a)

Platycheirus scutatus (Meigen), 1822

the larva was supposedly described and figured by Bhatia (1939), who also describes the egg; the larva is also supposedly illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994). Subsequent description of three more European species in the scutatus group renders these larval descriptions insecure. Similarly, the larval biology described by Dusek & Laska (1974) may not refer to P. scutatus, but to some other scutatus group species. Nonetheless, it seems sure that the larva is aphid feeding, on herbaceous plants, bushes, shrubs and small trees. Dussaix (2013), who reared the species from larvae found on Rumex, records a prolonged aestival diapause, of nearly three months, in larvae of this species which matured in June, followed by a puparial phase of 1 week. Dussaix (2013) provides a coloured photo of the puparium.

Rotheray (1994)

Dusek & Laska (1960b)

Reemer et al (2009)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Bhatia (1939)

Scott (1939)

Dussaix, 2013

Platycheirus speighti Doczkal, Stuke & Goeldlin, 2002

not described.

Platycheirus splendidus Rotheray, 1998

the larva and puparium are described and figured by Rotheray (1998), from leaf-curl galls of the aphid Schizoneura ulmi (L.) on Ulmus glabra, and from aphid colonies on Silene dioica.

Rotheray (1998)

Platycheirus sticticus (Meigen), 1822

not described.

Platycheirus subambiguus Nielsen, 2004

not described.

Platycheirus subordinatus Becker, 1915

not described.

Platycheirus tarsalis (Schummel), 1836

not described.

Platycheirus tatricus Dusek & Laska, 1982

not described.

Platycheirus transfugus (Zetterstedt), 1838

not described.

Platycheirus urakawensis (Matsumura), 1919

not described, but apparently associated with aphids of herbaceous plants (Vockeroth, 1990).

Platycheirus varipes Curran, 1923

not described.

Platynochaetus rufus Macquart, 1835

not described.

Platynochaetus setosus (Fabricius), 1794

not described.

Pocota personata (Harris), 1780

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1991), from larvae collected from rot-holes in live Fagus. This species has also been reared from larvae collected in a standing-water rot-hole in Populus, by Becher (1882), and from a rot-hole in Populus tremula (Ahnlund, pers.comm.). Alexander (2005) concludes that there may be some dependence of the larvae of this species upon white-rot-fungi, suggesting that the presence of such fungi in a rot-hole may be of more significance to Pocota than whether or no the rot-hole contains standing water. He also substantiates suggestions that this species uses trunk rot-holes 1m or more above the ground. Larvae of P.personata may be distinguished from larvae of related genera by the keys in Rotheray (1994), who also provides a coloured illustration of the larva, apparently from a preserved specimen. P. personata overwinters as a larva.

Rotheray (1994)

Dusek & Laska (1961)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Dixon, 1960

Rotheray (1991)

Portevinia maculata (Fallen), 1817

larva described and figured by Speight (1986b) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994). The larva is phytophagous, mining firstly the stem-base and later the corms of Allium ursinum (or A. triquetrum). It passes the winter as a larva and becomes a puparium in early spring. The puparial phase lasts approximately three weeks. In the literature P. maculata is frequently referred to, erroneously, as mining the leaves of A. ursinum. In alpine grassland, P. maculata presumably uses a different Allium species as foodplant, as is the case in Cheilosia fasciata (see species account for that species), though which Allium is involved (probably A. victorialis: U.Schmid, pers.comm.) does not seem to have been established for P. maculata. The larva may be distinguished from the larvae of related genera by the keys incorporated into Rotheray (1994).

Rotheray (1994)

Speight, 1986b

Speight, 1986b

Rotheray (1991)

Stuke, 2000

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Stuke, 2000

Speight, 1986b

Primocerioides regale Violovitsch, 1985

not described.

Psarus abdominalis (Fabricius), 1794

not described.

Pseudodoros nigricollis Becker, 1903

not described, but reared from larvae feeding on the aphid Hyalopterus pruni on an unidentified species of reed (Van Eck and Makris, 2016), probably either Arundo or Phragmites. That aphid has alternate generations on reeds and various fruit trees and it seems likely Pseudodoros alternates habitats similarly.

Pseudopelecocera latifrons (Loew), 1856

not described.

Psilota anthracina Meigen, 1822

Kassebeer et al (1998) describe and figure the larva and puparium supposedly of this species, but based on material from both Picea and Pinus, suggesting that both P.anthracina and P.atra may have been involved. The larvae they mention from accumulations of decaying sap under Picea bark are presumably those of P.anthracina as interpreted here. The female of P.anthracina has been seen investigating the damaged trunk-base of a living Picea.

Kassebeer et al. (1998)

Psilota atra (Loew), 1817

it seems likely that the description of larvae and puparium of P.anthracina provided by Kassebeer et al (1998) is composite, involving material of both P.anthracina and P.atra. But the larvae they mention from an internal pocket of decay, containing rotten wood, sap and water, in the trunk of a living Pinus split by storm damage, probably belonged to P.atra. The female of probably this species has been observed ovipositing in the exit hole of a Cerambyx cerdo burrow, in an ancient, living Quercus in parkland (Doczkal, pers.comm.).

Psilota exilistyla Smit & Vujic, 2008

not described.

Psilota innupta Rondani, 1857

not described.

Psilota nana Smit & Vujić, 2008

not described; females have been observed flying up and down the trunk of a large Quercus frainetto, inhabited by the trunk cavity ant Liometopum microcephalum, and attempting oviposition on the bark.

Pyrophaena granditarsis (Forster), 1771

larva undescribed, but this species has been collected in numbers from emergence traps installed over the taller patches of grass that develop around cow pats, in a cattle-grazed, humid grassland and from emergence traps installed over setaside vegetation. Barkemeyer's (1994) reference to occurrence of larvae of this species in cereal crops seems to be in error, since the source he quotes (Chambers et al, 1986) makes no mention whatever of Platycheirus granditarsus.

Pyrophaena rosarum (Fabricius), 1787

not described. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).

Rhingia borealis Ringdahl, 1928

not described.

Rhingia campestris Meigen, 1822

the subaquatic larva was described and figured by Coe (1942), from larvae reared from moist cow-dung. It is illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994). The species is today closely associated with cattle over most of its European range, but can occur where cows are absent, e.g. alluvial forest, and the larvae can be presumed to develop also in rich, moist accumulations of rotting foliage other than cow dung.

Rotheray (1994)

Coe (1942) and Coe (1953)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999) // Hennig, 1952

Coe (1942) and Coe (1953) and Dixon, 1960 // Coe (1942)

Hartley (1963)

Stuke, 2000

Coe (1953)

Coe (1942)

Rotheray & Rotheray (2021)

Rhingia rostrata (L.), 1758

according to Grunin (1939) the eggs of R.rostrata are laid on the underside of the leaves of trees such as Fagus, where there is dung of large mammals on the ground below, the female fly first locating dung in an appropriate condition and then flying up to lay eggs on leaves suspended over the dung. He also notes that eggs can be very frequent on grasses in the immediate vicinity of dung. He observed that females never lay their eggs in dung itself. He says that the larvae hatching from eggs laid on the leaves of trees drop onto the dung, at a stage when the dung is already dry and most of the activity of dung-inhabiting organisms has already ceased. He postulates that R.rostrata larvae require dung “empty” of other dung-using organisms. He suggests that under natural conditions the dung of large ungulates is used and reports once finding larvae in horse dung (noting that horses were then frequent in the forests of the Caucasus), but says that the larvae can be reared on human dung. Evidently the eggs take 5-6 days to hatch, the larvae take approximately two weeks to become fully-grown and they then pupate on the ground. Confusingly, Grunin’s (1939) detailed account of the life history of R.rostrata does not accord with the known habitats of R.rostrata, that are essentially humid forest, normally on a heavy, clay soil. R.rostrata is not a species characteristic of dry forest grazed by livestock and, indeed, is most repeatedly found in forests where ungulate numbers are low – typically confined to wild pig (Sus scrofa) and/or roe deer (Capreolus). Grunin’s (1939) reference to once finding R. rostrata larvae in horse dung bears some consideration. In western Europe, R. rostrata seems to have been more frequent previously than now. its disappearance more-or-less co-inciding with the period of replacement of horses by mechanised vehicles. Given that R. rostrata is a forest insect, it is more than possible that cessation of the use of horses and mules to drag out, or carry out (in the case of firewood) timber from forests caused a considerable decrease in R. rostrata numbers. It would be very helpful if the life history of this species could be re-investigated, somewhere where it is still frequent, for example in forests of the foothills of the Pyrenees, to establish whether Grunin’s (1939) observations can be repeated, or whether a rather different picture of R.rostrata’s development emerges. + Rotheray & Rotheray (2021)

Grunin (1939)

Rotheray & Rotheray (2021)

Riponnensia daccordii (Claussen), 1991

not described.

Riponnensia insignis (Loew), 1843

not described.

Riponnensia longicornis (Loew), 1843

not described.

Riponnensia morini Vujic, 1999

not described.

Riponnensia splendens (Meigen), 1822

larva described and figured by Maibach and Goeldlin (1994) and Hartley (1961). Hartley's (l.c.) larvae were found in pond mud containing lots of pieces of twig and wood; larvae occur in very shallow, slow-moving water with woody debris, including seepages and ditches.

Hartley (1961)

Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1994

Hartley (1961)

Rohdendorfia alpina Sack, 1938

larva not described, but incorporated into the keys provided by Rotheray (1994), where it is distinguished from larvae of related genera, based on material collected by Claussen from undersides of morainic rocks (C.Claussen, pers.comm.), where, it seems, the puparia are formed. Claussen (pers.comm.) has also observed oviposition in this species. The female searches for a flat stone that has been grown around by a cushion plant, e.g. Cerastium, and then oviposits on the underside of such stones, often disappearing under the stone to do so.

Scaeva albomaculata (Macquart), 1842

puparium described by Kuznetzov and Daminova (1994). Diagnostic features of the last instar larva and puparium are given by Laska et al (2006), who also provide a key separating both larvae and puparia of this species from those of the other Scaeva species known from Europe. Rojo and Marcos-Garcia (1998) found the larva among aphids on various herbaceous plants (Anacyclus, Andryala, Hirschfeldia, Ligusticum, Onopordon) including crop species of Beta and Vicia. According to Nourbakhsh et al (2008) the larva forms its puparium in the soil, at a depth of 3-5cm.

Kuznetzov & Daminova (1994)

Kuznetzov & Daminova (1994)

Laska et al (2006)

Kuznetzov & Daminova (1994)

Scaeva dignota (Rondani, 1857)

described and figured by Laska et al (2006), who report the larva occurring in the field on fruit trees (Prunus domestica) and other understory trees (Prunus communis) and shrubs (Sambucus nigra) and also on bean crops (Vicia fabae). Diagnostic features of the last instar larva and puparium are also given by Laska et al (2006), who provide a key separating both larvae and puparia of this species from those of the other Scaeva species known from Europe. However, Laska et al (2006) state that, in respect of S.dignota and S.selenitica, "except for size differences of microtrichia of the posterior fold, we have been unable to find informative characters to distinguish larvae or pupae of these species".

Laska et al (2006)

Scaeva mecogramma (Bigot), 1860

diagnostic features of the last instar larva and puparium are given by Laska et al (2006), who also provide a key separating both larvae and puparia of this species from those of the other Scaeva species known from Europe. The larval biology is detailed by Rojo et al (1999), who observed that the larvae are predators of the psyllid Euphyllura olivina (Costa) (Aphalaridae: Homoptera) on olive trees (Olea). Psyllid numbers peak in spring and autumn and S.mecogramma larvae are present within the psyllid colonies during both periods. The larvae become totally covered in the waxy secretions of the psyllids. Larval development is very rapid, taking only 2 weeks and the adult fly emerges after a further two weeks in the puparium. Females of S. mecogramma have been observed searching among the foliage of Phillyrea latifolia (a Mediterranean understorey tree also of the same plant family as the olive), though oviposition was not confirmed. The psyllid E. olivina also lives on Phillyrea latifolia and S. mecogramma larvae may do likewise. Indeed, there are three Euphyllura psyllids on olive trees, E. olivina, E. phillyreae Foerster and E. straminea Loginova. As its name suggests, one of the hosts of E. phillyreae is also Phillyrea. Given the heavy, repeated, insecticidal treatments to which commercial olive orchards are subjected, in attempts to prevent infestation of olives by the olive fly (Bactrocera oleae (Rossi)), it is perhaps unsurprising that Sceava mecogramma is not today an abundant insect in olive-growing regions. It may depend more on organic olive orchards and Phillyrea scrub for its survival.

Laska et al (2006)

Scaeva pyrastri (L.), 1758

larva described and figured by various authors, e.g. Bhatia (1939), who also describes the egg. Diagnostic features of the last instar larva and puparium are given by Laska et al (2006), who also provide a key separating both larvae and puparia of this species from those of the other Scaeva species known from Europe. The larva is aphid feeding on a wide range of aphids on low-growing plants, bushes and shrubs, including many crops. Rojo and Marcos-Garcia (1998) list herbaceous plant genera on which larvae of this species have been found in Portugal and/or Spain. Rotheray (1994) and Dussaix (2013) illustrate the larva in colour. Overwintering in this species apparently occurs as a puparium (Kantyerina, 1979) in the grass-root zone or on trees. In non-overwintering puparia, Dussaix (2013) reports that duration of the puparial phase is 10 days and shows the puparium in colour. Barkemeyer (1994) provides a comprehensive literature review of what is known of the biology of this species. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).

Dussaix (site web)

Bhatia (1939)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Brauns, 1953

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Heiss, 1938 // Dixon, 1960 // Kuznetzov & Daminova (1994)

Scott (1939)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Heiss, 1938

Scott (1939)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Laska et al (2006)

Dussaix, 2013

Scaeva selenitica (Meigen), 1822

the existing descriptions of the larva of this species all predate reinstatement of the closely similar S.dignota as a distinct (and widely distributed) European species, and could thus be based on either S.dignota or S.selenitica. But the description provided by Dixon (1960) has the virtue that it is based on material from part of Europe (Britain) where S.dignota does not seem to occur and can thus be presumed to refer to S.selenitica. Even though diagnostic features of the last instar larva and puparium of this species have more recently been given and figured by Laska et al (2006), who also provide a key separating both its larvae and puparia from those of the other Scaeva species known from Europe, it is apparent that the developmental stages of S.dignota and S.selenitica remain virtually indistinguishable (see under S.dignota). Speight et al (1986) also figure features of the puparium. The larva is aphid feeding, on shrubs and trees; Kula (1982) reports larvae of this species as overwintering among leaf litter of the floor of spruce (Picea) forest.

Laska et al (2006)

Brauns, 1953

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dixon, 1960 and Kuznetzov & Daminova (1994)

Scott (1939)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1989)

Laska et al (2006)

Scott (1939)

Sericomyia arctica Schirmer, 1913.

undescribed, but probably associated with small pools.

Sericomyia bequaerti (Hervé-Bazin), 1913

not described.

Sericomyia bombiforme (Fallen), 1810

undescribed. A female has been observed egg-laying in moss at the margin of a forest stream (Van Steenis et al, 2013).

Sericomyia hispanica Peris Torres, 1962

not described.

Sericomyia jakutica (Stackelberg), 1927

not described.

Sericomyia lappona (L.), 1758

larva described and figured by Hartley (1961) and illustrated in colour (from a preserved specimen) by Rotheray (1994); aquatic.

Rotheray (1994)

Hartley (1961)

Hartley (1963)

Hartley (1961)

Sericomyia nigra Portschinsky, 1873

not described.

Sericomyia silentis (Harris), 1776

larva not described, but has been found in old, wet bark and wood fragments and saw-dust on an old forest sawmill site and from humus-rich mud in an acid fen flush. Also found by Bloomfield (1897) in the bottom of a water-filled ditch draining an exploited peat bog. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).

Sericomyia superbiens (Muller), 1776

larva undescribed, but almost certainly aquatic/subaquatic among organic debris in semi-liquid mud close to streams and springs. Stubbs and Falk (1983) report that "A female was seen ovipositing in deep, water-filled hoof prints along a shaded muddy path by a stream".

Sericomyia tolli (Frey), 1915

features of the larva and puparium are illustrated and described by Kuznetzov and Kuznetzova (1995), from material collected from a peat bog hummock.

Kuznetzov & Kuznetzova (1995)

Sericomyia volucellinus Portschinsky, 1881

not described.

Spazigaster ambulans (Fabricius), 1798

undescribed. The marked association between this insect and thickets of low, water-side shrubs is a strong indication that Spazigaster larvae inhabit these thickets. It is to be expected that they predate plant bugs, or similar insects, living somewhere in these thickets. However, the larvae could be located mostly on twigs or other woody parts rather than on the foliage and may well have some particular relationship which results in the observed restriction of S.ambulans to higher altitudes/colder locations, within its geographic range.

Sphaerophoria abbreviata Zetterstedt, 1859

not described.

Sphaerophoria bankowskae Goeldlin, 1989

not described.

Sphaerophoria batava Goeldlin, 1974

not described.

Sphaerophoria bengalensis Macquart, 1842

not described.

Sphaerophoria boreoalpina Goeldlin, 1989

not described.

Sphaerophoria chongjini Bankowska, 1964

not described.

Sphaerophoria estebani Goeldlin, 1991

not described.

Sphaerophoria fatarum Goeldlin, 1989

not described.

Sphaerophoria infuscata Goeldlin, 1974

not described.

Sphaerophoria interrupta (Fabricius), 1805
= S. menthastri

larva described and its posterior respiratory processes figured, by Rotheray (1987), who found larvae on Hieracium pilosella in June and on Silene dioica in May. The larva is illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994). The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988). According to Stubbs (1996) larvae have also been found with aphids on the ruderal Cerastium fontanum.

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray (1987)

Sphaerophoria kaa Violovitsh, 1960

not described.

Sphaerophoria laurae Goeldlin, 1989

not described.

Sphaerophoria loewi Zetterstedt, 1843

not described, but reported by Bartsch et al (2009a) as having been found on Phragmites.

Sphaerophoria nigra Frey, 1945

not described.

Sphaerophoria pallidula Mutin, in Mutin and Barkalov, 1999

not described.

Sphaerophoria philanthus (Meigen), 1822

the larva of this species has not been described from European material. However, if it can be established that the N American species currently regarded as S.philanthus is indeed con-specific with its European counterpart, then descriptions and information about larval biology are available from N American literature. That literature is summarised by Barkemeyer (1994). The larvae of the N.American S.philanthus are aphid predators on crops like Zea mais and Brassica species - crops whose European distribution does not co-incide at all with the known distribution of S.philanthus in Europe. Bagachanova (1990) records rearing S.philanthus from larvae collected on Artemisia and Potentilla fruticosa. She also notes that this species overwinters both as larva and puparium.

Sphaerophoria pictipes Boheman, 1863

not described.

Sphaerophoria potentillae Claussen, 1984

not described.

Sphaerophoria rueppelli (Wiedemann), 1830

larva described and figured by Bhatia (1939); biology detailed by Dusek and Laska (1974) and Marcos-Garcia (1981). The larvae are aphid-feeding on herbaceous plants, and have been recorded on Brassica, Chenopodium, Nicotiana, Onopordon and Sonchus. Amorós-Jiménez et al (2012) provide extensive information on the developmental biology of this species, showing that it can complete a generation (from egg-laying to eclosion of the adult) within 2 weeks, under laboratory conditions. They advocate use of S. rueppellii as a biocontrol agent of Mediterranean greenhouse-crop pest aphids. Lloret Climent et al (2014) regard S. rueppellii as “the main predatory syrphid in Mediterranean greenhouse crops”. Amorós-Jiménez et al (2014) provide information on captive breeding of S. rueppellii and show that the types of flower visited for food, by the females of one generation, affect the survival capabilities of the next generation.

Dusek & Laska (1960b) and Láska & Bicík, 2005

Dusek & Laska (1961)

Bhatia (1939)

Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Scott (1939)

Sphaerophoria scripta (L.), 1758

larva described and figured by Goeldlin (1974); aphid-feeding on herbaceous plants, including various crop plants e.g. Avena, Brassica, Cichorium, Lactuca, Triticum, Vicia. Overwintering in this species apparently occurs as a puparium (Kantyerina (1979) in the grass-root zone. Barkemeyer (1994) provides a survey of the literature on the biology of this species. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988). Coloured photos of larva and puparium are provided by Dussaix (2013), who also reports that duration of the puparial phase in this species is 1 week.

Dussaix, 2013

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Dusek & Laska (1961) and Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Scott (1939) // Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Scott (1939)

Scott (1939)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Dussaix, 2013

Sphaerophoria shirchan Violovitsh, 1957

not described.

Sphaerophoria taeniata (Meigen), 1822

not described, but Hartmann and Duelli (1988) apparently hatched the species from a larva or puparium collected from Phragmites.

Sphaerophoria virgata Goeldlin, 1974

not described.

Sphecomyia vespiformis (Gorski), 1852

not described, but according to Bartsch (1997) probably associated with sap-runs/lesions in the trunk of Populus tremula.

Sphegina alaoglui Hayat, 1997

not described.

Sphegina atrolutea Lucas in Thompson & Torp, 1986

not described.

Sphegina clavata (Scopoli), 1763

not described, but this species has been reared from larvae found under the bark of a fallen branch of a deciduous shrub (probably Corylus) partly submerged in a small woodland stream, together with larvae of S. verecunda (van Eck, 2016b). Van Eck’s (2016) observations demonstrate that this species overwinters as a larva.

Sphegina clunipes (Fallen), 1816

described and figured by Hartley (1961), from larvae found in wet, sappy material beneath a patch of wet bark on a living Ulmus. Larvae have also been found under the bark of water-logged branches of various deciduous trees and in sap runs on Quercus, e.g. by Rotheray (1990a), indicating that this species is not dependent upon sap-runs for larval development. S.clunipes has also been collected in emergence traps installed over flushes under the tree canopy of an Alnus wood. Rotheray (1994) illustrates the larva in colour.

Rotheray (1994)

Hartley (1961)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Hartley (1963)

Hartley (1961)

Dussaix (site web)

Sphegina cornifera Becker, 1921

not described.

Sphegina dogieli Stackelberg, 1953

not described.

Sphegina elegans Schummel, 1843

larva described and figured by Hartley (1961), who found larvae in a sap run on the trunk of a living Ulmus. However, whether the sap-run microhabitat is typical or unusual for this species is uncertain. S.elegans has also been collected from emergence traps located in the bottom of a ditch containing only bare clay and small woody debris from overhanging trees (Fagus), and channelling a winter-flowing temporary stream.

Hartley (1961)

Goudsmits, 2009

Sphegina latifrons Egger, 1865

not described.

Sphegina limbipennis Strobl, 1909

not described.

Sphegina montana Becker, 1921

not described.

Sphegina negrobovi Skufjin, 1976

not described.

Sphegina obscurifacies Stackelberg, 1956

Mutin (2001) states: “Larvae are found in decayed cambium of trunks and branches of Alnobetula hirsuta and Betula platyphylla, fallen in the water of forest streams”. He also says that they are usually found in small groups, that they overwinter as larvae and that the puparial phase lasts about a week.

Sphegina platychira Szilady, 1937

not described, but adults have been collected from emergence traps placed in montane flushes (L.Verlinden, pers.comm.).

Sphegina sibirica Stackelberg, 1953

not described; females have been seen ovipositing on a cut Picea trunk lying across a stream, oviposition occurring toward the underside of the log, where it reached the stream-bank.

Sphegina spheginea (Zetterstedt), 1838

not described.

Sphegina sublatifrons Vujic, 1990

not described.

Sphegina varifacies Kassebeer, 1991

adults have been collected from emergence traps sited over wet mud and plant debris bordering springs (J.-J.Bignon, pers.comm.).

Sphegina verecunda Collin, 1937

larva described and figured by Hartley (1961), who found larvae in sap run exudate on Ulmus. Also reared by van Eck (2016b), from larvae found under the bark of a fallen branch, probably of Corylus, partly submerged in a small, woodland stream. Van Eck’s (2016) observations demonstrate that this species overwinters as a larva.

Hartley (1961)

Dussaix (site web)

Sphiximorpha euprosopa (Loew), 1869

not described.

Sphiximorpha garibaldii Rondani, 1860

undescribed, but quite possibly associated with subcortical sap seepages caused by the tunnelling activities of larvae of saproxylic cetoniids, which inhabit the trunk wood of old, living Quercus.

Sphiximorpha petronillae Rondani, 1850

not described; females have been observed laying eggs in the bark of old, living Querus cerris inhabitied by colonies of the saproxylic ant Liometopum microcephalum, the presence of which indicates that the trunk is hollow.

Sphiximorpha subsessilis (Illiger in Rossi), 1807

described and figured by Rotheray et al (2006), from larvae collected from "exuding sap at the base of an Abies alba tree". This species almost certainly also uses sap runs/wet, under-bark cavities on the trunks of both old deciduous trees (e.g. Populus, Alnus, Salix) and old evergreen oak (Q.suber) as larval microhabitat. Ricarte and Marcos-Garcia (2010) report emergence of this species from a trunk cavity in an old, live tree of Fraxinus angustifolia. Doczkal (pers.comm.) has observed oviposition of this species in cracks in the bark immediately above a sap run in a live Ulmus laevis. Schmid (1993) observed oviposition along the edge of a sap-run on the trunk of Aesculus hippocastanum, a process which took several hours. Dussaix (2013) confirms that the larva overwinters in this species, reports that the puparial phase lasts 3 weeks and provides a coloured photo of larvae in situ and also a photo of the puparium.
+ Dussaix, 2007

Dussaix, 2007

Dussaix (site web)

Rotheray et al. (2006)

Dussaix, 2007

Rotheray et al. (2006)

Spilomyia digitata (Rondani), 1865

larva described and figured by Rotheray et al (2006), from larvae collected from rot-holes at the roots of live Fraxinus angustifolius, Quercus faginea and Q.pyrenaica. Sánchez-Galván et al (2014) provide information suggesting that a pre-requisite for development of larvae of S. digitata in a trunk cavity may be the presence there of the faeces of saproxylic beetle larvae. Their work on the relationships between trunk-cavity inhabiting syrphids and saproxylic beetles was focussed on the Iberian chafer Cetonia aurataeformis, whose larval faeces are known to be rich in accessible nutrients (Micó et al, 2011).

Rotheray et al. (2006)

Rotheray et al. (2006)

Spilomyia diophthalma (L.), 1758

undescribed, but probably in rot holes in Populus tremula (Bartsch et al, 2009b).

Spilomyia graciosa Violovitsh, 1985

not described.

Spilomyia longicornis Loew, 1872

larva reared in N America by Maier (1978, 1982) from "wet detritus along wall of treeholes in live Quercus", together with larvae of Mallota and Somula species. These tree holes are described as holding more than 3 litres of debris and containing standing water for more than 2 months of the year (Maier, 1978).

+ Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Spilomyia manicata (Rondani), 1865

not described; Ahnlund (pers.comm.) has collected females of this species from a small trap attached close to rot-holes on the trunk of live Populus tremula. This species has also been hatched from a puparium found in a rot-hole in Acer (van Steenis, 2000).

Spilomyia maxima Sack, 1910

not described.

Spilomyia saltuum (Fabricius), 1794

not described.

Spilomyia triangulata van Steenis, 2000

not described.

Syritta flaviventris Macquart, 1842

larva described and figured by Perez-Banon and Marcos-Garcia (2000), from material collected in the field from decaying vegetable matter - Opuntia platyclades. Larvae were found in decaying platyclades both on the ground and still attached to the cactus. Pupariation occurred within the tissues of the platyclades.

Pérez-Bañón & Marcos-García (2000)

Syritta pipiens (L.), 1758

larva described and figured by Heiss (1938) and Hartley (1961) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994), Bartsch et al (2009a) and Dussaix (2013); an inhabitant of various types of moist, decaying, vegetable matter, including cow dung and garden compost heaps. Under some conditions, the larva can apparently also develop successfully in mammalian corpses (Magni et al, 2013). Dussaix (2013) confirms the larva overwinters, shows a puparium in colour and reports the puparial phase as lasting for 3 weeks.

Dussaix, 2013

Smith, 1989

Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Hodson (1931) and Morgan, 1970

Bartsch et al (2009)

Heiss, 1938 and Hennig, 1952

Hartley (1961)

Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Pérez-Bañón & Marcos-García (2000)

Heiss, 1938

Hodson (1931) // Pérez-Bañón & Marcos-García (2000)

Hartley (1961) // Dusek & Laska (1961)

Metcalf (1916)

Hodson (1931)

Pérez-Bañón & Marcos-García (2000)

Dussaix, 2013

Syritta vittata Portschinsky, 1875

not described.

Syrphocheilosia claviventris (Strobl), 1909

not described.

Syrphus admirandus Goeldlin, 1996

not described.

Syrphus attenuatus Hine, 1922

not described.

Syrphus auberti Goeldlin, 1996

not described.

Syrphus nitidifrons Becker, 1921

not described.

Syrphus rectus (Osten-Sacken), 1877

not described. Short and Bergh (20005) illustrate the eggs of N American S.rectus, where the larva of this species is apparently a significant predator of the aphids on fruit trees, including the woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum).

Syrphus ribesii (L.), 1758

larva described and figured by Dusek & Laska (1964); aphid feeding on various herbaceous plants (e.g. Carduus, Eryngium, Sonchus, umbellifers), including some crops (Beta, Solanum, Triticum, Vicia, Zea), bushes (e.g. Rubus spp.), shrubs and trees. The larva of this species apparently occurs in a number of distinct colour forms, as illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994) and Bartsch et al (2009a). A coloured photo of the puparium is provided by Dussaix (2013). Egg: Chandler (1968). The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988). Laboratory culture detailed by Bombosch (1957). It is unclear whether this species overwinters as a larva or a puparium. According to Dussaix (2013), summer larvae give rise to puparia which hatch after 10 days to 2 weeks.

Dussaix, 2013

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray (1994)

Bhatia (1939)

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Bhatia (1939)

Pavel Láska, Libor Mazánek & Vítězslav Bičík, 2013
and Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Nielsen et al, 1954

Henning, 1952

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Scott (1939)

Goeldlin de Tiefenau, 1974

Dussaix, 2013

Syrphus sexmaculatus (Zetterstedt), 1838

not described.

Syrphus stackelbergi Kuznetzov, 1990

not described.

Syrphus torvus Osten-Sacken, 1875

larva described and figured by Dusek and Laska (1964); aphid feeding; occurs on trees, bushes and shrubs. Kula (1982) found larvae of S.torvus at all heights on spruce (Picea) trees in spruce forest and records the larvae as overwintering among leaf litter on the forest floor.

Metcalf (1911)

Dixon, 1960 // Metcalf (1911)

Nielsen et al, 1954

Scott (1939)

Metcalf (1916)

Metcalf, 1916

Syrphus vitripennis Meigen, 1822

larva described and figured by various authors, e.g. Dusek & Laska (1964); puparium figured in colour by Dussaix (2013). The larva is aphid-feeding, on a range of trees, bushes, shrubs (e.g. Alnus, Betula, Prunus, Viburnum), lianas (Humulus) and taller herbaceous plants (e.g. Cirsium, Nicotiana). Kula (1982) records larvae overwintering among leaf litter on the floor of a spruce (Picea) forest; laboratory culture detailed by Bombosch (1957). The puparial phase lasts for 10 – 14 days (Dussaix, 2013). Egg: Chandler (1968).

Dussaix, 2013

Mitchell, 1962

Brauns, 1953

Dusek & Laska (1960b)

Dusek & Laska (1960b)

Dixon, 1960 // Mitchell, 1962

Mitchell, 1962

Brauns, 1953

Dussaix, 2013

Temnostoma angustistriatum Krivosheina, 2002

larva described and figured by Krivosheina, M.G. (2003b), who also provides distinctions from the larvae of T.bombylans. The larva occurs in wood of Alnus, Betula, Fraxinus, Populus tremula, Prunus avium, Quercus, Tilia and Ulmus (M.Krivosheina, pers.comm.).

Temnostoma apiforme (Fabricius), 1794

larva wood-boring, in solid wood within part-rotted stumps and logs; described and figured by Heqvist (1957), based on larvae collected from a rotten Betula stump. According to Bartsch et al (2009b), this species shows a preference for birch logs “in very humid situations, especially logs that periodically become partly submerged”. Krivosheina and Mamayev (1962) also figure and describe the larva of this species, from material collected from stumps of Tilia. These latter authors provide a key distinguishing T.apiforme larvae from those of the other European Temnostoma species.

Heqvist (1957)

Heqvist (1957)

Krivosheina & Mamayev (1962)

Temnostoma bombylans (Fabricius), 1805

larva described and figured by Krivosheina and Mamayev (1962); wood-boring, in solid wood within part-rotted stumps and logs; reared from stumps and logs of Acer, Fagus, Quercus, Salix and Tilia; Krivosheina, N.P. (pers.comm.) has also reared this species from stumps and fallen timber of Alnus and Betula. Derksen (1941) indicates metamorphosis takes 2 years and the larvae inhabit stumps of trees felled 7 - 8 years previously. The larvae described and figured, with puparium, by Heiss (1938) and Metcalf (1933) as those of T.bombylans were probably those of T.balyras (Walker). T.bombylans is not known to occur in N America. Krivosheina and Mamayev (1962) provide a key distinguishing T.bombylans larvae from those of the other European Temnostoma species.

Heiss, 1938

Krivosheina and Mamayev (1962)

Heiss, 1938 and Hennig, 1952

Metcalf (1933)

Krivosheina, (2003a)

Heiss, 1938

Krivosheina, (2003a)

Temnostoma carens Gaunitz, 1936

not described.

Temnostoma meridionale Krivosheina & Mamayev, 1962

larva wood-boring, in solid wood within part-rotted stumps and logs; described and figured by Krivosheina and Mamayev (1962), from larvae collected from a Fagus log. These authors also provide a key distinguishing T.meridionale larvae from those of the other European Temnostoma species.

Krivosheina and Mamayev (1962)

Temnostoma sericomyiaeforme (Portschinsky), 1886

not described, but stated to develop in partly-rotten stumps and logs of Betula in wet situations (Bartsch et al, 2009b).

Temnostoma vespiforme (L.), 1758

larva wood-boring, in solid wood within part-rotted stumps and logs; according to Drees (1999) larval development takes 2 years; larva described and figured by Stammer (1933) and Krivosheina and Mamayev (1962); illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994); distinctions from the larva of T.apiforme (Fab.) are detailed in Heqvist (1957). Krivosheina and Mamayev (1962) provide a key distinguishing T.vespiforme larvae from those of the other European Temnostoma species known at that time. This species has been bred from Acer, Alnus, Betula, Fagus, Populus tremula, Quercus, Salix and Tilia.

Rotheray (1994)

Stammer (1933)

Dusek & Laska (1960a) // Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Krivosheina and Mamayev (1962) // Stammer (1933)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Trichopsomyia flavitarsis (Meigen), 1822

larva described by Rotheray (1997) and incorporated into the keys provided by Rotheray (1994), where it is distinguished from larvae of related genera; a predator of a gall-making psyllid (Homoptera) on the stems of a Juncus species.

Rotheray (1997)

Trichopsomyia joratensis Goeldlin, 1997

features of the puparium are described and figured by Van Steenis et al (2018) from the puparium of a reared specimen. The puparium was found in sap on “Abies”.

Van Steenis et al (2018)

Trichopsomyia lucida (Meigen), 1822

= T. ochrozona

not described, unless the rearing data provided by Van Steenis et al (2018) apply to T. lucida because ochrozona proves to be a variant of T. lucida. The larvae of T. ochrozona, as defined by Van Steenis et al (2018), predate the psyllid bug Camarotoscena hoberlandti, which produces leaf-roll galls on Populus nigra. That psyllid apparently does not occur in Europe, so European populations of T. lucida would presumably use some equivalent species. Van Steenis et al (2018) describe and figure both larva and puparium of T. ochrozona.

Van Steenis et al (2018)

Triglyphus escalerai Gil Collado, 1929

not described.

Triglyphus primus Loew, 1840

larva found by Leclercq (1944) and Sedlag (1967) in aphid galls on Artemisia vulgaris, but as yet undescribed

Sedlag (1967

Tropidia fasciata Meigen, 1822

not described.

Tropidia scita (Harris), 1780

puparium figured and described by Decleer and Rotheray (1990), from a specimen collected as a larva between basal sheathing leaves of Typha. They suggest T.scita larvae probably inhabit the rotting water's edge plant debris occurring in reed beds etc. of fens. Nötzold (2000) records collection of an individual of this species from an emergence trap installed in a reed bed.

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Rotheray (1994)

Decleer & Rotheray (1990)

Volucella bombylans (L.), 1758

the final instar larva and puparium are described and figured by Rotheray (1999b). The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988). Smith (1955) describes the egg and first instar larva; the larvae are known to be detritivores/larval predators in nests of bumble bees (Bombus species), where they occur in the floor of the nest cavity, as shown diagrammatically by Schmid (1996). Barkemeyer (1994) lists the Bombus species with which larvae of this syrphid have been found, pointing out that there are also records from nests of Vespula species. Rotheray (1999b) provides a key to the determination of the larvae and puparia of European Volucella species, other than V.elegans.

Dusek & Laska (1961)

Smith, 1989

Rotheray (1999)

Rupp (1989)

Monfared et al, 2013

Rotheray (1999b)

Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Rotheray (1999b)

Volucella elegans Loew, 1862

not described.

Volucella inanis (L.), 1758

larval morphology described by Hartley (1981); larva illustrated in colour by Ball and Morris (2013) and (apparently from a preserved specimen) by Rotheray (1994) and redescribed and refigured by Rotheray (1999b); in its morphology, the larva of this species differs somewhat from the larvae of other known European Volucella species. According to Rupp (1989) the 1st and 2nd instars are parasitic in wasps’ nests, on larvae of Vespula germanica and V.vulgaris, while the 3rd instar is more parasitoid. V.inanis seems to prefer wasps’ nests at some height above ground, for example in the attics of houses (such situations are more frequently used by Vespula germanica than V.vulgaris). Rotheray (1999b) provides a key to the determination of the larvae and puparia of European Volucella species, other than V.elegans.

Karp, 2015

Rotheray (1994)

Dusek & Laska (1961)

Rupp (1989)

Foster, 2019

Smith. 1989

Dusek & Laska (1961)

Rotheray (1999b)

Hartley (1961) // Dixon, 1960

Smith, 1989 // Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Rotheray (1999)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Hartley (1961) // Dusek & Laska (1961)

Rotheray (1999b)

Dusek & Laska (1961)

Foster, 2019

Volucella inflata (Fabricius), 1794

the final instar larva and puparium are described and figured by Rotheray (1999b), from larvae collected from debris from Cossus tunnels in Quercus. The female has been seen ovipositing in a sap-run, according to Stubbs and Falk (1983). Females have also been observed ovipositing in cracks in the bark of ancient Populus and Quercus showing sap seepage and patches of trunk rot. There are early references to probably this species being reared from tree humus from cavities in deciduous trees and to an association with the wet sappy frass which accumulates in the workings of Cossus larvae, summarised by Barkemeyer (1994). The accumulated information all points to the larvae of V.inflata being inhabitants of insect-workings in which sap and insect faeces/tree humus provide a sub-aqueous mix. According to Rotheray (1999b) their mouthparts indicate they are saprophages of some description, rather than predatory, and records observing the larva feeding on tree sap. Rotheray (l.c.) provides a key to the determination of the larvae and puparia of European Volucella species, other than V.elegans.

Rotheray (1999b)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Rotheray (1999b)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Rotheray (1999b)

Volucella pellucens (L.), 1758

larva described and figured by Hartley (1961) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994); redescribed and refigured by Rotheray (1999b). The larvae are scavengers/larval predators in nests of wasps (Vespula), where they occur in the floor of the nest cavity, as shown diagrammatically by Schmid (1996). Barkemeyer (1994), provides a comprehensive précis of available literature on the biology of this species. Rotheray (1999b) provides a key to the determination of the larvae and puparia of European Volucella species, other than V.elegans.

Rotheray (1994)

Rupp (1989)

Rotheray (1999b)

Dusek & Laska (1960a) // Dusek & Laska (1961)

Hartley (1961)

Smith, 1989 // Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Rotheray (1999b)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1999)

Hartley (1961) // Dusek & Laska (1961)

Rotheray (1999b)

Dusek & Laska (1961)

Reemer et (2009)

Volucella zonaria (Poda), 1761

the final instar larva and puparium are described and figured by Rotheray (1999b). The entire third stage larva is figured by Fraser (1946), who also provides some information on its biology. It is known to be associated with Vespa crabro and Vespula species, acting as a scavenger (and larval predator) in the nests of these wasps. Morris and Ball (2004) conclude that, in Britain, V.zonaria is associated largely with the ground-nesting Vespula vulgaris and that Vespa crabro plays no role in supporting this syrphid. An extensive account of available literature on the biology of this species is provided by Barkemeyer (1994). Rotheray (1999b) provides a key to the determination of the larvae and puparia of European Volucella species, other than V.elegans.

Geoff Wilkinson et al (2020)

Rotheray (1999b)

Hartley (1961)

Rotheray (1999b)

Geoff Wilkinson et al (2020)

Xanthandrus azorensis Frey, 1945

not described.

Xanthandrus babyssa (Walker), 1849

undescribed, but probably carnivorous on larvae of Lepidoptera and Symphyta.

Xanthandrus comtus (Harris), 1780

larva described and figured by Dusek and Laska (1967) and illustrated in colour and distinguished from larvae of related genera in the keys provided by Rotheray (1994). Black and white photos of the larva and puparium are provided by Belcari and Raspi (1989). A coloured photo of the larva is given in Carstensen (2016). The larva is known to predate aphids and the caterpillars of various small moths (e.g. Noctuidae, Tortricidae), both on trees and low-growing plants. It is recorded by Belcari and Raspi (1989) as a predator of the caterpillars of the tortricid Lobesia botrana (Denn. & Schiff.), a pest of grape vines. Santolamazza et al (2011) record it as a predator of larvae of the noctuid Mamestra brassicae in a cabbage crop. Carstensen (2016) reports it as a predator of the larvae of the leaf beetles Agelastica alni (L.) and Plagiosterna aenea (L.) (Col.: Chrysomelidae) on Alnus. It is also recognised as a predator of the caterpillars of the pine processionary moths (Thaumetopoea pinivora and T.pityocampa).

Rotheray (1994)

Santolamazza et al, 2011

Carstensen, 2015

Rotheray (1994) // Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Rotheray & Gilbert (1989) // Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Dusek and Laska (1967)

Dusek & Laska (1959)

Dusek & Laska (1960a)

Santolamazza et al, 2011

Lyon, 1968

Carstensen, 2015

Xanthogramma aeginae Ricarte, Nedeljokvić & Vujić, in Nedeljković et al 2018

not described.

Xanthogramma citrofasciatum (De Geer), 1776
=X. festivum

features of the puparium are detailed by Speight (1990), who distinguishes the puparium of this species from that of X.pedissequum (Harris) and an account of the larval biology is provided by Holldobler (1929). Larvae live in the nests of Lasius species, where they predate aphids tended by the ants. Egg: Chandler (1968).

Speight (1990)

Xanthogramma dives (Rondani), 1857

not described.

Xanthogramma laetum (Fabricius), 1794

not described. Fetzer (1937) provides an enigmatic account of an attempt to rear this species. On several occasions he observed females laying eggs on the moss-covered (Peritrichium formosum) roots of Fagus stumps. Apparently neither stumps of recently-felled trees (i.e. one-year-old stumps) nor well-rotted stumps were chosen by the fly, which attempted repeatedly to go down into the moss. A female kept in captivity laid 100 eggs over a period of three days, singly, on the moss leaflets. Within three days these eggs hatched and the larvae were offered plenty of aphids, but had all died two days later.

Xanthogramma marginale (Loew), 1854

not described.

Xanthogramma pedissequum (Harris), 1776

features of a larva probably of this species are described and figured by Rotheray and Gilbert (1989); Speight (1990) distinguishes the puparium of a pedissequum group species from that of X.citrofasciatum. The larval biology has probably (X.pedissequum being the commonest species in the pedissequum group known in Britain) been documented by Pontin (1960). The larvae are predators of the "herds" of root aphids tended by ants of the genus Lasius. Xanthogramma pedissequum has been collected in emergence traps installed in vineyards, where ground cover of ruderals and grasses had been established (Pétremand et al, 2017).

Dussaix, 2013

Speight (1990) and Rotheray & Gilbert (1989)

Xanthogramma pilosum Nedeljokvić, Ricarte & Vujić, in Nedeljković et al 2018

not described.

Xanthogramma stackelbergi Violovitsh, 1975

not described. Females have been observed repeatedly ovipositing on low-growing vegetation around the entrance to the nest of a Lasius niger group ant (M de Courcy Williams, pers. comm.).

Xylota abiens Meigen, 1822

larva described and figured by Rotheray (2004), from larvae collected from decaying sap under the bark of moribund pines (Pinus sylvestris) sinking into a mire of man-made origin. Under more natural conditions the larva has been found in wet, decaying roots of Fagus stumps.

Rotheray (2004)

Rotheray (2004)

Xylota caeruleiventris (Zetterstedt), 1838

larva not described, but probably under the bark of water-logged, fallen trunks of recently-fallen Pinus in, or at the edge of, bog and transition mire.

Xylota florum (Fabricius), 1805

Dusek and Laska (1960b) described the larva of X.florum from hole-holes in Populus. Their description has been validated as relating to X.florum by Rotheray (2004), who redescribes the developmental stages. Assuming that early records do relate to X.florum, the species has been reared more than once from trunk cavities in Populus nigra. Krivosheina (2001) reports rearing this species from a fallen trunk of Picea.

Dusek & Laska (1960b)

Rotheray (2004)

Dusek & Laska (1960b)

Rotheray (2004)

Dusek & Laska (1959) and Dusek & Laska (1960b)

Dusek & Laska (1960a) and Dusek & Laska (1960b)

Rotheray (2004)

Xylota ignava (Panzer), 1798

not described.

Xylota jakutorum Bagatshanova, 1980

Rotheray (1994) established that the larva of this species (under the name X.coeruleiventris) occurs in sap runs on Abies, caused by the weevil Hylobius abietus. The larva is described and figured (as the larva of X.caeruleiventris) by Rotheray and Stuke (1998), from larvae collected from sap-filled borings of Hylobius beneath the bark of Pinus sylvestris stumps.

Rotheray (2004)

Rotheray & Stuke, 1998

Rotheray (2004)

Rotheray & Stuke, 1998

Xylota meigeniana Stackelberg, 1964

not described, but this species has been collected in an emergence trap installed on a groundwater seepage system (helocren) with a mosaic of fen vegetation and small species of Salix, e.g. S.capraea (E.Carrières, pers.comm.). Krivosheina (2001) reports rearing this species from larvae found in rotten wood under the bark of humid, fallen trunks of Populus tremula, with Hammerschmidtia.

Xylota segnis (L.), 1758

larva described and figured by Hartley, (1961); may be found under bark of rotten stumps, trunks and logs of both deciduous trees and conifers, in damp rot-holes and sap-runs on living trees and in various rotting plant debris e.g. wet, decomposing silage, wet, rotting sawdust, rotting potatoes. It would appear that the larvae of X. segnis can also, on occasion, make use of the remains of rotting mammalian cadavers as food (Moffat, 2013). Rotheray (1994) illustrates the larva in colour. A coloured photo of the puparium is given in Dussaix (2013), who confirms that the larva overwinters and reports 20 days as the duration of the puparial phase.

Hartley (1961)

Rotheray (2004)

Hartley (1961)

Rotheray (2004)

Hartley (1961)

Rotheray (2004)

Dussaix, 2013

Xylota suecica (Ringdahl), 1943

not described.

Xylota sylvarum (L.), 1758

larva described and figured by Hartley (1961) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994), who also redescribes the larva in a more recent publication (Rotheray, 2004); larvae have been found in damp, fungus-ridden decaying wood of Abies, Fagus and Quercus trunks and stumps, usually beneath the bark. Rotheray (1990a) suggests decaying tree roots are probably a major larval habitat for this species and Rotheray (1994) mentions both Abies and Fagus roots as locations where larvae have been found. Krivosheina (2001) adds Pinus to the list of tree genera from which the larvae of this species have been reared, commenting that the larvae occur under the same circumstances as those of Myathropa. Rotheray (2004) extends the list of trees from which this species has been reared to include Fraxinus, Picea, Populus tremula and Pseudotsuga. Dussaix (2013) provides a coloured photo of the puparium, indicates that the larva overwinters and records that the puparial phase lasts for 4 weeks.

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray (2004)

Hartley (1961)

Rotheray (2004)

Hartley (1961)

Rotheray (2004)

Dussaix, 2013

Xylota tarda Meigen, 1822

larva described and figured by Rotheray (1991), from larvae collected from a sap run at the base of the trunk of Populus tremula. Rotheray (1994) illustrates the larva in colour. Krivosheina records rearing of this species from larvae collected in rotting wood of Fagus.

Rotheray (1994)

Rotheray (2004)

Rotheray (1991)

Rotheray (2004)

Xylota triangularis Zetterstedt, 1838

not described.

Xylota xanthocnema Collin, 1939

larva described and its posterior spiracular processes figured by Hartley (1961), who stated he had only found X.xanthocnema larvae "in the exudate and rot-holes of yews" (Taxus). Krivosheina (2001) records rearing this species from larvae in a standing-water rot-hole in Abies and Rotheray (2004) also records the larva from a rot-hole in Quercus.

Rotheray (2004)

Hartley (1961)

Rotheray (2004)